506 DISEASES OF THE INSULAR APPARATUS OF THE PANCREAS 



was higher than could be calculated from the destruction of albumin. An 

 increased exchange might be anticipated also from the rapid losses of body 

 weight, such as were ascertained in the later experiments I carried out with 

 Eppinger and Rudinger. 



For the reason that bodies very rich in oxygen (sugar and ketone bodies) 

 are excreted, the respiratory quotient is very low. In our experiments it 

 averaged about 0.73. 



In the pancreasless dog the excitability of certain sympathetic nerves is 

 increased. O. Lb'wi showed that the instillation of atropine into the eye of 

 a pancreasless dog would produce mydriasis, a stimulus that had been below 

 the threshold thus becoming operative. With this agrees the fact that sub- 

 cutaneous or subperitoneal injection of adrenalin, increases, according to 

 Eppinger, Rudinger, and my experiments, the D : N quotient. The amounts 

 of sugar that raised the quotient to more than 2.8 were greater than those 

 which under like conditions could be obtained by the injection of adrenalin 

 into normal fasting dogs. Therefore the glycosuric action of adrenalin in 

 pancreasless dogs is increased. As these experiments with adrenalin were 

 undertaken at the height of the metabolic disturbance, therefore at a time 

 when the glycogen constituent was already reduced to a minimal, it may be 

 supposed that this increase is brought about, not only through the increased 

 consumption of glycogen, or through a washing-out of circulating sugar, but 

 also through an increased formation of sugar. 



Then, too, other ductless glands influence the intensity of the pancreatic 

 diabetes. The experiments on simultaneous extirpation of the thyroid gland 

 or the parathyroid glands [together with the pancreas] show this. It is 

 known that after thyroid extirpation the hunger protein exchange is lowered. 

 When the pancreas is simultaneously extirpated the hunger protein exchange 

 is about three to three and one-half times that of a thyroidectomized dog 

 the same size, is therefore absolutely lower than after extirpation of the pan- 

 creas alone. The excretion of sugar is, however, the same, so that the 

 quotient of dextrose to nitrogen (D : N) is higher. In experiments in which, 

 together with the pancreas, a large part of the parathyroid glands was 

 extirpated, we found further that the intensity of the diabetes was essentially 

 increased. We observed quotients of 3.6, although the hunger protein 

 destruction (in relation to the body weight) was greater than was to have been 

 expected in dogs of the same size after extirpation of the pancreas alone. 

 Further, worthy of mention is the statement of Zulzer that in an experiment 

 on a dog in which the pancreas was extirpated and simultaneously the renal 

 vein was ligated, the intensity of the excretion of sugar was very slight and 

 transitory. 



We shall now enter further into the question as to how we may explain 

 the occurrence of glycosuria after extirpation of the pancreas, or the regula- 

 tory influence of the pancreas on sugar metabolism under normal relations. 



