Ill] AND HISTORIC TIMES 311 



subjugation of Gaul gave her henceforth, until the barbarians 

 burst through her frontiers, a practically unlimited supply of 

 serviceable horses. In the time of Augustus the ordinary 

 carriage horse and hackney used at Rome and in Central Italy 

 was a ponyi termed mannus'\ As the word is Celtic, it would 

 indicate of itself that the Romans obtained these animals either 

 from Cisalpine or Transalpine Gaul or from both, even if they 

 were not distinctly alluded to as Gallic in the literature of the 

 time^. In their campaigns against the Germans in the first 

 century of our era the Romans seem to have relied entirely 

 on the Gallic provinces for their supply of war-horses ^ whilst 

 St Jerome® writing in the fourth century after Christ, mentions 

 the high value set by worldly men upon Gallic geldings. We 

 shall soon adduce evidence to show that the Roman manni 

 were bred by the Ligurians in what is now north-west Italy and 

 Provence, of which region they were one of the chief productions 

 for export in the first century B.C. (p. 321). The Romans had 

 used geldings for pack-horses from at least the first*' century B.C. 

 and we know not how much earlier. Indeed Cantherius'', 'a 

 gelding,' means properly a ' pack-animal ' and got its secondary 

 meaning from the circumstance that such animals were usually 

 unsexed (c£ p. 167). 



1 Isidore, Orig. xii. 1, defines mannus as equus brevior, quern vulgo brunitum, 

 vel hrunitium vocant. Brunitum vel brunitium are emended to burrichum vel 

 burrichium, as there is a gloss jSovppixoLs, but this may be quite unnecessary. 



^ Lucr. III. 1076: currit agens maunos ad villam praecipitanter ; Prop. iv. 8. 

 15: hue mea detonsis avecta est Cynthia mannis (where detonsis means "with 

 hogged manes"); Hor. Od. iii. 27. 6: rumpat et serpens iter institutum, si per 

 obhquum similis sagittae terruit mannos; Id. Epod. 4. 14: et Appiam mannis 

 terit; Id. Ep. i. 7. 76: impositus mannis; Ovid, Am. n. IGJiii.: rapientibus esseda 

 mannis ipsa per admissas concute lora jubas; Sen. Ep. 87: ita non omnibus 

 obesis mannis et asturconibus et tolutariis praeferres unicum ilium equum a 

 Catone descriptum ? 



* Hor. Od. I. 8. 6: cur neque militaris inter aequales equitat, Gallica nee 

 lupatis temperat ora frenis. 



* Tac. Ann. ii. 5 : fessas Gallias ministrandis equis. 

 ^ ad Zech. ix. 9. 



8 Varro, R. R. ii. 7. 15, but the cantherii mentioned by Plautus (died 187 B.C.) 

 may be simply pack-animals, not unsexed. 



7 From Ok. /ca/'t'ijXioj = pack-ass (from KavdriXia, 'panniers'); cf. Cic. N. D. 

 III. 5. 11. 



