146 GENERAL EVOLUTION. 



scarcely believe such a principle to be influential. "We look 

 rather upon a progress as the result of the expenditure of some 

 force fore-arranged for that end. 



It may become, then, a question whether in characters of high 

 grade the habit or use is not rather the result of the acquisition of 

 the structure than the structure the result of the encouragement 

 oifered to its assumed beginnings by use, or by liberal nutrition 

 derived from the increasingly superior advantages it offers. 



c. The Phyncal Origin of Man. 



If the hypothesis here maintained be true, man is the de- 

 scendant of some pre-existent generic type, the which, if it were 

 now living, we would probably call an ape. 



Man and the chimpanzee were in Linnaeus's system only two 

 species of the same genus, but a truer anatomy places them in 

 separate genera and distinct families. There is no doubt, how- 

 ever, that Cuvier went much too far when he proposed to con- 

 sider Homo as the representative of an order distinct from the 

 Quadrumana, under the name of Bimana. The structural differ- 

 ences will not bear any such inter}) relation, and have not the 

 same value as those distinguishing the orders of Mammalia ; as, 

 for instance, between Carnivora and bats, or the cloven-footed ani- 

 mals and the rodents, or rodents and edentates. The differences 

 between man and the chimpanzee are, as Huxley well puts it, 

 much less than those between the chimpanzee and lower Quadru- 

 mana, as lemurs, etc. In fact, man is the type of a family, 

 Hominidae, of the order Quadrumana, as indicated by the charac- 

 ters of the dentition, extremities, brain, etc. The reader who 

 may have any doubts on this score may read the dissections of 

 Geoffroy St. Hilaire, made in 1856, before the issue of Darwin's 

 "Origin of Species." He informs us that the brain of man is 

 nearer in structure to that of the orang than the orang's is to 

 that of the South American howler, and that the orang and 

 howler are more nearly related in this regard than are the howler 

 and the marmoset. 



The modifications presented by man have, then, resulted from 

 an acceleration in development in some respects, and retardation 

 perhaps in others. But until the combination now characteristic 

 of the genus Homo was attained, the being could not properly be 

 called man. 



And here it must be observed that as an organic type is char- 



