282 THE STRUCTUEAL EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIOK 



head and face. The principal j^oints to be considered under eacJi 

 of these heads are the following : 



/. The General Form. 



1. The size of the head. 



2. The squareness or slope of the shoulders. 



3. The length of the arms. 



4. The constriction of the waist. 



5. The width of the hips. 



6. The length of the leg, principally of the thigh. 



7. The sizes of the hands and feet. 



8. The relative sizes of the muscles. 



//. Tlie Surfaces. 



9. The structure of the hair (whether curled or not). 



10. The length and position of the hair. 



11. The size and shape of the nails. 



12. The smoothness of the skin. 



13. The color of the skin, hair, and irides. 



III. The Head and Face. 



14. The relative size of the cerebral to the facial regions. 



15. The prominence of the forehead. 



16. The prominence of the superciliary (eyebrow) ridges. 



17. The prominence of the alveolar borders (jaws). 



18. The prominence and width of the chin. 



19. The relation of length to width of skull. 



20. The prominence of the malar (cheek) bones. 



21. The form of the nose. 



22. The relative size of the orbits and eyes. 



23. The size of the mouth and lips. 



The significance of these, as of the more important structural 

 characters of man and the lower animals, must be considered from 

 two standpoints, the paleontological and the embryological. The 

 immediate paleontological history of man is unknown, but may 

 be easily inferred from the characteristics displayed by his nearest 

 relatives of the order Quadrumana. If we compare these animals 

 with man, we find the following general differences. The num- 

 bers correspond to those of the list above given. 



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