288 



THE STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION. 



accelerated. In race description the prominence of the edges of 



the jaws is called prognathism, and its absence orthognathism. 



The significance of the two lower race characters, as compared 



with those of the Indo-European, is as follows : 



■ Negro. — Hair crisp (a special character), short (qnadrum. ac- 



cel.) ; prognathous (qnadrum. accel.) ; nose flat, without bridge 



(qnadrum. retard.) ;* malar bones prominent (qnadrum. accel.) ; 



beard short (qnadrum. retard.); arms longer (quadrum. accel.); 



extensor muscles of legs small (quadrum. retard.). 



Mongolian. — Hair straight, long (accel.) ; jaws prognathous 



(quadrum. accel.) ; nose flat or prominent, with or without bridge ; 



malar bones prominent 

 (quadrum. accel.); beard 

 none (embryonic) ; arms 

 shorter (retard.) ; extensor 

 muscles of leg ("calf") 

 smaller (quad, retard.). 



Indo-European. — Hair 

 long (accel.) ; jaws orthog- 

 nathous (embryonic re- 

 tard.) ; nose (generally) 

 prominent with bridge 

 (accel.) ; malar bones re- 

 duced (retard.) ; beard 

 long (accel. ) ; arms shorter 

 (retard.); extensor mus- 

 cles of the leg large (accel.). 

 The Indo - European 

 race is then the highest by 

 virtue of the acceleration 

 of growth in the develop- 

 ment of the muscles by 

 which the body is main- 

 tained in the erect position 



Fig. 58.— Portrait of Satanta, a late chief of the (cxtenSOrs of the leg), and 



Kiowas (from the Red River of Texas'), from a jj^ those imnortant ele- 

 photofrraph. The predominance of the fiicial re- 4- f i + 



gion, and especially of the malar bones, and the ^^^ntS Ot bCauty, a WCll- 



absence of beard, are noteworthy. developed UOSe and beard. 



* In the Boehimans, the flat nasal bones are coossified with the adjacent ele- 

 ments as in the apes (Thulie). 



