THE ORIGIN OF THE WILL. 445 



depends on the characteristics of the reminiscences which are 

 their subjects. As the reminiscence is less distinct than the origi- 

 nal impression, so there comes to be, as pointed out by Spencer, a 

 faint order of pleasures and pains, which, with the indifferent class, 

 form the material of the processes of reason. These mental states 

 of pleasurable and painful consciousness constitute that primary 

 division of the mind, the feelings or affections, as distinguished 

 from the intellect. 



The feelings co-exist with intellectual operations of all grades 

 of complication, since pleasures and pains are states which follow 

 all kinds of activities, and therefore also reminiscences. To seek 

 pleasure and to avoid pain constitutes the business of the lives of 

 all conscious organisms ; and hence the feelings, as derived from 

 experiences, are the directive and often originative conditions of 

 movements or actions. In animals with higher intellectual powers, 

 the general classification of experiences of given objects or actions 

 results in a higher order of the mental feelings, which are called 

 likes and dislikes. When these forms of consciousness assume an 

 intense condition due to stimuli, they become emotions or pas- 

 sions. 



These details are entered into in order to show that the feel- 

 ings in their various grades are the motives of action in all ani- 

 mals, from the Amoeba to man. In the former they are mere 

 reminiscences ; in the latter they are so generalized as to become 

 enduring principles of action, which put the intellect to every 

 conceivable labor. And it is evident, from this foundation fact, 

 how the intellect itself has been constructed. The activity stimu- 

 lated by the feelings has resulted in new experiences, and the ac- 

 cumulation and elaboration of these into new combinations of the 

 faint type of consciousness, has been the law of their development. 

 This we can observe in the education of one generation of living 

 animals, and it has doubtless been the law of the generations of 

 the past as well. We may then review the probable method of 

 development of mind through the ages of past time. 



IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIND. 



In the first place, it is evident that the evolution of mind has 

 been due to the activity of animal life. Although not asserted, it 

 is sometimes implied that "circumstances," in which the animal 

 is passive, have been the efficient cause of mental development. 

 That this could have been the case is inherently impossible, and 



