THE ORIGIN OF THE WILL. 449 



organs, including dentition, etc., but the orders which are his 



superiors in these respects yield to him the supremacy in the two 



systems mentioned. 



Functionally the two systems oppose each other, and. that 



exercise of the one is at the expense of the other is a physiological 



law. Health of the individual, and persistence of the species, 



depend on the maintenance of the equilibrium between them. 



This is because success in obtaining food on the one hand depends 



on intelligence, and undue power can not be expended in other 



directions without starvation. Thus the law of evolution lends 



full support to the doctrine first formulated by Kant, of the dual 



nature of the human mind, in its division into the intellect and 



the affections. 



{b) In the Intelligence. 



The intellect includes a record of experiences of resemblances 

 and differences, of causes and effects, arranged in orders of place, 

 time, and of qualities of all kinds. The importance of an intellect 

 depends on the number of experiences it contains ; on the clear- 

 ness with which qualities can be brought into consciousness ; on 

 the correctness with which the classification expresses the quali- 

 ties ; on the relation which the qualities preferred bear to an ob- 

 ject of pursuit ; and on the rapidity with which any or all of these 

 functions may be performed. The triumph of reason is foresight 

 or ]3redication, in which it brings into consciousness the unknown, 

 by reproducing its experiences of the known. This is the serv- 

 ice rendered by education, by the acquisition either of experiences 

 themselves, or of the experiences of others. 



Acquisitions then do not imply a predication of the unknown 

 from the known, but an actual addition to the stock of the known. 

 The automatic life above described includes no such process, but 

 is a routine varying only in unimportant details, and changing in 

 no great feature. Progress evidently depends on something be- 

 sides knowledge, for in proportion to the degree of progress is the 

 departure from the known, and in proportion to the novelty of a 

 situation is experience worthless as a guide. 



Designed actions whicli are performed without a basis of knowl- 

 edge which is sufficient for predication are not automatic. Tliat 

 is, while the activity may be physically spontaneous and compul- 

 sory, the direction it takes and the mode of its execution can not 

 be automatic, unless the machinery which must give the direction, 

 and which creates the mode, be already in existence. 

 29 



