2G THE STRUCTURE OF FLOWERS. 



tliere is no doubt but tliat similar processes will account for 

 one stamen as for one petal. Thus Kippuris with one, is 

 allied to Mijriophyllum •with four; while Centranthus has one, 

 Fedia has two and Valeriana three. 



Casuarina alone seems to raise a doubt of its being 

 degraded and possibly a primitive foi"m ; but this is solely 

 because it has no living allies (excepting perhaps Myrica). 

 The terminal stamen would not be of itself a point of 

 importance, as it has a parallel in Eupliorhia ; but it is its 

 isolation without affinities, its peculiar equisetum-like habit, 

 which seem to indicate great antiquity, so that no inference 

 can fairly be drawn to interpret its present monandrous 

 condition. 



Amongst Monocotyledons, Ganna is clearly monandrous 

 by petalody of the other stamens, Orchis by metamorphosis 

 also. Lastly, Naias, Gaulinia, Zostera, Zannichiella, &Tid Lemna, 

 are in all probability greatly degraded forms from higher 

 plants, degradations being the usual effect of an aquatic life, 

 and not pt^imitive types of Monocotyledons. 



One carpel is not at all uncommon, as in the Legtiminosce. 

 As Affonsea has five, the absence of four in this order is no 

 doubt due to arrest. In the tribe Berberece, however (if my 

 interpretation be correct, of the origin of the seven whorls 

 of three each constituting the flowers of Berheris, as exj)laincd 

 below), the one carjDel may be the last of an originally 

 continuous spiral, formed from eleven pairs of opposite leaves, 

 now broken up into seven ternary whorls, with one over. It 

 may, however, be the remaining one of three, which possibly 

 constitutes a ternary gynoecial whorl, which is characteristic 

 of the tribe Lardizahalece of the same order Berheridece. 



Dimerous WnORLS. — A dimerous arrangement is not par- 

 ticulaidy common, though a quaternary calyx is dimerous in 

 its development, as the sepals emerge from the axis in sue- 



