Changes in Riparian Habitat Due to Impoundment t 



and Railroad Relocation 8o' 



Changes in Upstream Aquatic Habitat 96 



Changes in Microclimate 97 



Downstream Dewatering 97 



Discharge Impacts at the Outlet Structure 99 



Displacement 99 



Changes in Mortality and Natality Rates 100 



Physiological Stress 101 



COMPENSATION OF UNMITIGATED IMPACTS 103 



Compensation by Enhancement 103 



Compensation by Protection of Threatened Habitat 105 



Recommendations 106 



OVERALL SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS TO MONTANA'S WILDLIFE RESOURCE 107 



Adverse Effects Which Cannot be Avoided 107 



Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources 107 



Short-Term vs. Long-Term Impacts 107 



Summary 108 



RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONITORING '. 10^ 



Rationale 109 



Plan of Study 109 



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 113 



LITERATURE CITED 115 



APPENDICES 123 



A. Schedule of 1977-1979 Field Work, 



Kootenai Falls Wildlife Study 124 



B. Wildlife Observation Data Sheet and Instructions 127 



C. Waterfowl Observation Data Sheet and Instructions 132 



D. Breeding Bird Census Results 136 



E. Small Mammal Data Sheet 139 



F. Riparian Census Instructions 140 



G. Conceptual Basis for Compensation of Unmitigated Impacts 144 



n 



