REDWOOD LUMBERING. 47 



cut the tree in twain. This securely done, his cross cut is 

 brought into play, and it is only a matter of patience and 

 muscle, when the logs are ready for the " swampers." Cross-cut 

 saws for this purpose range from six to eight feet in length, 

 one man doing the work. The latter cuts the underbrush, if 

 any there be, piles the bark upon it in heaps, and sets fire to 

 the mass. His work is laborious, and exacts his closest 

 attention, while his fires continue to burn over an area con- 

 taining, perhaps, ten acres. It may be the wind blows hard, 

 and a valuable log gets fired. It is his business to see that 

 no waste of timber occurs in his department of labor. He 

 calls to his assistance the water packer, who, with horse or 

 mule, is an indispensable contingent of the redwood logger. 

 The latter lords it over an animal that packs water in canvass 

 fastened on his back to a wooden frame, which looks like an 

 old-fashioned pair of saddle-bags, only on a larger scale. 

 From thirty to forty gallons of water are carried by the ani- 

 mal at a time. The swamper being furnished with water, he 

 soon checks the fire which is destroying the fallen timber. 



From two to six animals, attended by laborers, are kept 

 constantly at work on a single logging claim, filling barrels 

 along the skid roads and snaking trails, and for other general 

 uses. One man generally manages two animals. 



The trees now felled, cut into desired lengths, stripped 

 of bark, and the underbrush burnt, are ready for the " don- 

 keys " to start from their beds, and hauled to landings by the 

 teams, as heretofore described. 



Tc complete the crew of a loggers' camp there are the 

 engineer at the donkey, the block-shifters, gypsy tender, and 



