THE AMERICAN APIGULTURIST. 



219 



was completely rid of the disease. 

 The bees of the second hive were 

 noticed to go off gayly enough to the 

 fields but, on coming back, showed 

 a disinclination to reenter the hive. 

 Believing they found the odor too 

 strong, Mr. Ossipow withdrew the 

 camphor for three days and put it in 

 again at the end of that time ; he 

 continued this treatment for a month 

 when he found all trace of the disease 

 gone. For two months he allowed 

 the camphor to remain in the worst 

 affected hive and then found only 

 four infected cells. Later on, the 

 colony became very strong and in a 

 perfectly healthy condition. 



When Mr. Ossipow has found a 

 case of foul brood since, he has put 

 in his lump of camphor and inva- 

 riably found the remedy effective. 

 On the principle that prevention is 

 better than cure, he puts in each hive 

 every autumn a piece of camphor. 



When living in Algeria some years 

 back, I found that great reliance was 

 placed upon the emanations from the 

 leaves of the eucalyptus trees (the 

 big gums of California) as a curative 

 agent against fevers, especially those 

 of a typhoid character. These trees 

 all belong to the camphor family and 

 I was informed that bees were always 

 healthy when placed under one of 

 these trees. 



It is not very long since it was 

 thought that the adulteration of honey 

 made in a careful manner was very 

 difficult or even impossible to detect. 

 In Hager's "Pharmaceutical Manual" 

 it is stated : " Very pure glucose or 

 beet sugar mixed with honey cannot 

 be detected with certainty ;"and again, 



" Now that starch sugar is to be had 

 so cheaply, bee men can use great 

 quantities of it to feed their bees and 

 in that manner obtain enormous 

 quantities of honey." In many older 

 books we find it stated that honey 

 contains variable quantities of fruit 

 and grape sugars and that the quan- 

 tity of the latter increases as the honey 

 gets older. If this statement were cor- 

 rect, then those above mentioned 

 should be also ; but, Dr. Fritz Ellsner 

 has found by numerous experiments, 

 it is not so, and he has proved that 

 the determination of manufactured 

 glucose used to adulterate honey is 

 extremely simple. A great number 

 of samples of honey having been given 

 to Dr. Ellsner by the Leipzig Bee 

 Society to analyze, he was able to 

 study this question closely and, with- 

 out speaking of his microscopical 

 researches, he carried out a series of 

 experiments to establish correctly a 

 method for determining the exact 

 percentage of manufactured glucose 

 in any sample of honey. 



A large number of samples of honey 

 were obtained, their exact source of 

 supply being known ; ten per cent so- 

 lutions of these were prepared, de- 

 colorized by animal charcoal, and 

 submitted to examination under a 

 Wasserlein polariscope. That instru- 

 ment gives at once the percentage of 

 grape sugar but is equally good for 

 general observations. Here is the 

 result : 



1 Honey of Leipzig, Fennel in 



comb, I year old o°.9 



2 Honey of Leipzig, Colza 



comb, I year old o°. 



3 Honey of Leipzig, Colza and 



Fennel comb, i year old o.°3 



