268 



THE AMERICAN APTCULTURIST. 



samples which were adulterated with 

 starch sugar syrup. 



In Table 2 are found those sam- 

 ples which apparently were adulter- 

 ated with sucrose. 



In Table No. 3 are grouped those 

 samples to which it appears that in- 

 vert sugar may have been added. 



In Table No. 4 are found the anal- 

 yses of those samples which appear 

 to be genuine. 



In Table No. 5 are collected the 

 analyses of those specimens which 

 were obtained from producers or 

 dealers and which I have every rea- 

 son to believe to be genuine. 



REMARKS ON TABLES. 



The temperature at which the di- 

 rect polarization is taken is given so 

 that if any great difference in the two 

 temperatures should occur it can be 

 at once noted. Since the tempera- 

 ture has a marked influence on the 

 Isevo-rotatory power of invert sugar 

 it should always be taken into ac- 

 count in expressing the data of the 

 work. In order to secure results 

 which are strictly comparable some 

 definite degree of temperature should 

 be chosen, at which all the polariza- 

 tions should be made or to which 

 they should be reduced. I am now 

 having an instrument constructed 

 which will enable me to make all such 

 polarizations at any selected temper- 

 ature. 



The percentage of reducing sugar 

 is calculated for dextrose, and the 

 numbers, therefore, must be taken 

 with this understanding. In the last 

 column of each table are found the 

 percentages of such sugars in terms 

 of total solids. This gives a much 

 better idea of their relative amount 

 than if they were expressed in per- 

 centages of the weight of the sub- 

 stances examined. 



In the polarizations the numbers 

 given are divisions of the cane-sugar 

 scale of a large Laurent shadow po- 

 lariscope in which 16.2 grams of pure 



sugar in a volume of 100 cc. will pro- 

 duce a right handed rotation of 100. 

 The sucrose was calculated from the 

 two polariscopic readings (before and 

 after inversion) by the usual formula. 



Table No. i. In all these samples 

 as indicated by the analyses, starch 

 syrup (glucose) was largely used as an 

 adulterant. In sample No. 5, very little 

 real honeycould have been present,the 

 sample was composed almost exclu- 

 sively of starch syrup and of sucrose 

 which had been added to give it 

 sweetness. In the other cases the su- 

 crose which was found by analysis was 

 probably originally present in the 

 honey part of the mixture, since, had 

 it been added as an adulterant, more 

 of it would have been found. The 

 characteristics of each sample as well 

 as of all of them collectively can be 

 seen by studying the table. 



Table No. 2. The mean percent- 

 age of sucrose present in these samples 

 as/letermined by double polarizations 

 is 11.79 ^i^d by reduction 14.58. 

 With the exception of No. 11, to 

 which sucrose was undoubtedly add- 

 ed, I cannot think that any sucrose 

 was added by producer or dealer, on 

 account of the small percentage of it 

 found. In such cases it is proper to 

 suppose that the bees had access to 

 flowers whose nectar was rich in su- 

 crose or that they had been fed a so- 

 lution of that substance. The use of 

 solutions of sucrose as bee food is 

 not unusual. 



Table No. 3. These sixteen sam- 

 ples I have grouped together on ac- 

 count of their great Igevo-rotatory 

 power. For the first polarization this 

 amounts to 16.75 divisions and for 

 the inverted liquids to 18.10. It is 

 possible that this great deviation to 

 the left may have been due to the 

 entire absence of dextrine or sucrose 

 in the honeys, or that it might have 

 been produced by the bee food being 

 rich in sucrose which suffered a nearly 

 complete inversion in the body of 

 the insect. 



It would be quite improper to def- 



