INJURIOUS INSECTS. 97 



year a gentleman recommended the use of ashes, and I 

 i;urned over a piece of turf, after mowing a crop of ha}^, and 

 sowed ashes in the drill, thinking that perhaps the ashes 

 would trouble these w^orms. I had no cabbages. I then 

 turned the furrows and scattered in fertilizers, but the club- 

 foot has beaten me every time. If you pull up one you will 

 find a bunch as big as your fist, full of worms. I have 

 never used green manure ; I certainly would not recommend 

 that. When I have used manure I have used fine compost. 



]Mr. Vaughx. I use night soil and green manure from 

 my barn cellar, and have raised good crops of cabbages. 



Question. Was that on land that had grown a variety 

 of crops or was it new land ? 



Mr. Vaughn. Part of it was old land and part of it was 

 new. It had never had a crop of cabbages on it before. 



Mr. Perry of Worcester. I have raised cabbages for the 

 last thirty years, varying from one to ten acres. Some 

 years my cabbages have been considerably afiected with 

 club-foot and some years very little. My opinion is this. 

 You take, for instance, an old pasture that has been laid 

 down for a great many years, plough that up and manure it, 

 — I don't care what manure you put on it, — put your 

 phosphate on it, and you will have a splendid crop of 

 cabbages and will not have club-foot. But take a field 

 where you have had cabbages or turnips, and there will be 

 spots in that field where you will have club-foot. If there 

 is any little depression in the field you will see the club- 

 foot come in. I do not think it is the result of any maggot, 

 but I think that it is because something has been withdrawn 

 from the soil. I remember that some few years ago my 

 father had a very fine field of cabbages and the next year he 

 said he was going to have them again. I said, " I would 

 not do that, father." Said he, "I am going to try the ex- 

 periment and see whether I can raise a crop of cabbages 

 where they were raised before." I said, "All right; go 

 ahead." He set out his plants on a three-acre lot and they 

 lapped over on new ground about ten rows. Where he had 

 the cabbages the year before they were all club-foot, and 

 beyond that point they were as nice cabbages as you ever 

 need to look at. That is my experience. I have tried hard 



