ORTHOPTERA OF NEW ENGLAND. 427 



These wings fold lengthwise like a fan, and are concealed beneath 

 the fore wings when the insect is at rest. 



The abdomen consists of a series of rings, or segments, more 

 or less movable on each other, and has the external organs of re- 

 production at the end. On each side of the first segment is a large 

 auditory sac, and near it a spiracle, and there is a row of similar 

 spu-acles along each side of the abdomen, as shown in Fig. 1. 

 These spiracles are holes which allow the air to pass into the 

 respiratory system within the body. A cross section of the abdo- 

 men is shown in Fig. 2, A. 



The legs are attached to the body by three pieces, called trochan- 

 ter, trochantin and coxa. Each leg consists of three parts : the 

 femur, the tibia and the tarsus, but the tarsus has several joints, 

 the last one ending with a pair of diverging claws. There is some- 

 times a small cushion, or pad, between these claws, called the 

 pulvillus. See Fig. 2. 



In the female. Fig. 2, B, the abdomen tapers somewhat towards 

 the end, to which are appended the two pairs of stout, somewhat 

 curved spines, called valves, which form the ovipositor. Fig. 2, B, 

 r, r'. The anus is situated above the larger and upper pah*, the 

 external opening of the oviduct being between the lower pair of 

 spines, and bounded beneath by a triangular, acute flap, which 

 serves as an egg guide. Fig. 2, B, e-g, and Fig. 3. At the time 

 of egg-laying, the abdomen may be lengthened to nearly twice its 

 usual proportions. The ovipositor varies considerably from the 

 above description, in some families. 



The end of the male abdomen is usually blunt and more or less 

 turned up, the space above being more or less covered with the 

 supra-anal plate, Fig. 1, s, upon which rest the marginal apophyses, 

 Figs. 1 and 2,/, which arise from the middle of the hinder edge of 

 the last dorsal segment. On each side of the supra-anal plate is a 

 more or less flattened and pointed appendage ; these are tlie anal 

 cerci. Figs. 1 and 2. In some families they are developed into 

 long, tapering, jointed appendages. 



INTERNAL ANATOMY. 



The internal anatomy of a grasshopper {Melanoplus femur- 

 ruirum) is shown in pai't in Fig. 3, where the oesophagus arises 

 from the mouth m, and curves backward into the crop, which ia 

 very large, and occupies a central position in the thorax. It is in 

 the crop that the " molasses," thi-own out by the insect when cap- 

 tured, is produced, and which consists of partially digested food. 

 The stomach is much smaller in diameter than the crop, and lie* 



