No. 4.] DAIKY CATTLE. 69 



been bred for a number of generations within the limits of 

 a certain family. Thus an animal with only St. Lambert 

 blood in it for a number of generations would be a line-bred 

 St. Lambert, and the intensity of the breeding will be de- 

 pendent on the closeness of the relationship in the parent 

 tree. Such affinity strengthens potency in transmission. 

 When carried too far, it may lower stamina, but this point 

 is carefully guarded below. 



It was stated that the individual should have robust indi- 

 viduality. This does not refer so much to the form as to 

 the action that may accompany form. A Southdown ram 

 carries his head high, his eye is alert and his step is easy 

 and without effort. These things are present because he is 

 robust; and because he is robust he is likely to prove an 

 impressive sire when this possession accompanies purity of 

 breeding, and to some extent when it does not. The same 

 things may lie said of that Jersey or other sire that is so full 

 of life as to be in a sense irrepressible. 



But all tlie indications of potency mentioned may be pres- 

 ent, and yet the animal may not show marked potency. This 

 does not often happen, but it does in some instances. One 

 sire bred in a certain way has become famous, and a full 

 brother of the same has shown no marked potency. Boca u si 1 

 of this, the mistake should not occur of introducing a sire 

 into a herd for extensive use in the same without first having 

 his prepotency tested in a limited progeny. 



From what has been said it will lie abundantly apparent 

 that the advice which urges the use of pure-bred sires only 

 in herds where heifers are to be grown into cows is good 

 advice. The grade bull has no blood elements that may be 

 considered dominant. How, then, would it be possible for 

 him to transmit them ? Two methods of improving grade ani- 

 mals have been sought : the first of these seeks improvement 

 through what is known as grading np ; and the second seeks 

 the same by making frequent crosses. The immense superi- 

 ority of the former system will now be shown. 



