No. 4.] FRUIT TREES AND INSECT FOES. 115 



fruit growing is a simple occupation. The successful grower 

 must thoroughly understand what conditions of soil and ele- 

 vation are best adapted to the varieties he attempts to raise; 

 which varieties bring the best prices in the markets he pro- 

 poses to use; what kinds of plant food and the proper amounts 

 of these his trees need in order to enable them to do their best 

 work; how to prune, fight his insect enemies and fungous 

 foes; and, last but not least, how to gather, assort, pack and 

 ship the fruit in such ways as will help it to look best, keep 

 best and sell best. Such a man can make a success of fruit 

 growing in Massachusetts; and a man who fails to measure 

 up to an equivalent standard, in whatever occupation he may 

 be, is a failure to just that degree. If it be in business, he is 

 likely to assign; if in a profession, he soon drops out of sight; 

 but if a poor farmer in any line he generally earns a living, 

 scanty though it may be, for nature will sustain inefficient 

 workmen where in any other occupation this would be im- 

 possible. 



Let us now consider some of the foes the fruit grower will 

 meet in Massachusetts, and how he must combat them if he is 

 to produce crops which will 

 bring the highest prices. 



One of the most import- 

 ant pests of the apple in 

 Massachusetts is the cod- 

 ling moth (Carpocapsa po- 

 monella L.), a native of 

 Europe, but which has 

 taken kindly to new world 

 conditions. The caterpil- 

 lar, when through feeding 

 in the apple in the fall, 

 leaves the fruit and crawls 

 down the tree till it finds 

 some piece of loose bark 

 beneath which it can make 

 its way. Here it gnaws an oval cavity, which it lines with silk, 

 and in this space it coils up to spend the winter. During this 

 time woodpeckers are of great value to man by seeking for 



Fig. 1. — Codling moth: a, work of caterpillar; 

 6, point of entrance; d, pupa; e, full-grown 

 caterpillar; /, <j, moth ; h, head of caterpil- 

 lar ; i, cocoon. 



