THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 



Smooth sumac, .... Rhus glabra. 



Poison sumac, poison dogwood, . Rhus Vernix. 



Poison ivy, Rhus radicans. 



Raspberries, thimbleberries, and 



blackberries, .... Rubus. 



(All species are eaten by birds.) 



Wild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humilis. 



(The hips of other species are probably eaten.) 



Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambucus pubens. 



American elder, sweet elder, black 



elder, ...... Sambucus Canadensis. 



Sweet gum, ..... Liquidambar Styracifiua. 



Wild gooseberries and currants, . Ribes. 

 (All species.) 



Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menispermum Canadense. 



Virginia creeper, woodbine, . Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 



Wild grapes, ..... Vitis. 

 (All species.) 



Probably all the thorn trees (Cratcegus) , including the English haw- 

 thorn (Cratvegus Oxyacanlha} . 



Sassafras, ..... Sassafras Sassafras. 



Red mulberry, .... Morus rubra. 



Russian mulberry, .... Morus alba, var. Tatarica. 



Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berry, Cellis occidentalis. 



American holly, .... Ilex opaca. 



Winterberry, black alder, . . Ilex verlicillata. 



(Probably other species of holly (7fec) are also eaten.) 



Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 

 work, ...... Celastrus scandens. 



Bayberry (wax myrtle), . . . Myrica Carolinensis. 



Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 



Shad bush, June berry, . . . Amelanchier Canadensis. 



Red chokeberry, .... Aronia arbutifolia. 

 (Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 



Beach plum, ..... Prunus maritima. 

 (And probably other plums.) 



Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Prunus Pennsylvania. 



Sand cherry, ..... Prunus pumila. 



Black cherry, rum cherry, . . Prunus serotina. 



Choke cherry, ..... Prunus Virginiana. 



Withe-rod, ..... Viburnum nudum. 



Sweet viburnum, Nanny plum, sheep 



berry, ...... Viburnum Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum Opulus. 1 



1 Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



