INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 183 



wingless and never leaves her cocoon until her eggs are deposited 

 as previously described. With the completion of oviposition she 

 dies and usually falls to the ground. 



The male has feathery antennae, hairy legs and a wing ex- 

 panse of nearly an inch. The wings and body are rather definitely 

 marked with varying shades of gray. 



For several seasons previous to that of 1907 the insect appeared 

 to be gradually increasing in numbers and in destructiveness in the 

 city of Cleveland. During the early part of the season of 1907, the 

 first brood, which was an unusually large one, was beset by an army 

 of parasites, resulting in a very small second brood of larvae. 



A consignment of larvae and pupae placed in the breeding cages 

 gave forth a large quantity of Hymenopterous and Dipterous para- 

 sites. In addition to the parasites just named, Heteropterous 

 nymphs, the adult form of which we were unable to obtain, were 

 observed clustered about the cocoons with their beaks inserted into 

 the chrysalid or larva, as the case might be, that was contained 

 therein. 



The principal hosts for this species in Ohio are lindens, horse 

 chestnuts and elms. 



During the season of 1907, three methods of combatting this in- 

 sect were given trial. The first consisted in clearing the egg- 

 masses from small elms on Euclid Ave. See Plate 8, Fig. 2. The 

 collecting was done during the spring months. The trees were in 

 a small park removed some little distance from other trees. As a 

 result of the treatment they were unaffected by theinsect during the 

 entire summer following. However, as before stated, the trees 

 were small, and the work of clearing them could be very thoroughly 

 done. This is one of the standard methods to be used against the 

 pest. 



When the infested trees are very tall, thus rendering collecting 

 impossible, dampening the masses with creosote is sometimes sub- 

 stituted. The operation is performed with a sponge dipped in cre- 

 osote tied to the end of a long pole. Where trees that have been 

 cleared of the egg-masses are situated in the vicinity of other plant- 

 ings it is well to supplement the collecting process by banding the 

 trunks of the trees with mechanical barriers, such as rings of 

 cotton batting or bands of sticky material, such as Thum's tree 

 tanglefoot. 



The second method given trial during the summer of 1907 was 

 spraying lindens with kerosene emulsion containing 5 percent kero- 

 sene and with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; sup- 

 plementing- the treatment in each case with bands of tanglefoot fly- 



