THREE INSECT ENEMIES OF SHADE TREES. 



The space at command will not admit of a full treatment of the 

 problem outlined in the [original] title of this article, and the writer 

 has therefore brought together at this time some account of three species 

 which are perhaps the most destructive among shade-tree insects, or 

 which, at all events, have attracted the greatest attention during the 

 past season. To this he has added a brief consideration of the relative 

 immunity of shade trees from insect attack, and some remarks on the 

 subject of general work against shade-tree insects in cities and towns. 



One of the most striking features of the summer of 1895 has been 

 the great abundance in many Eastern cities of several species of insects 



FIG. 1. Bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemercpformis) . a, larva; 6, head of same; c, male pupa; 

 d, female pupa; e, adult female; /, adult male all enlarged (original). 



which attack shade trees. In almost every low-lying town from Char- 

 lotte, N. C., north to Albany, N. Y., the elm leaf-beetle has defoliated 

 the English elms and, in many cases, the American elms. In certain 

 directions this insect has also extended its northern range, notably up 

 the Connecticut Eiver Valley. The authorities in a number of Eastern 

 cities have taken the alarm, and active remedial work will be instituted 

 during the coming season. In cities south of New York the bagworm 

 has been gradually increasing for a number of years until it has 

 become a serious enemy to shade and ornamental trees for almost the 

 first time since 1879 or 1880 (figs. 1 and 2). The white-marked tussock 

 moth, the caterpillar of which has been for many years the most seri- 



| ftl is of the shade- tree pests in Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, and 

 oston,in 1895, for the first time within the recollection of the writer, 

 ' 



