appeared in such numbers as to become of great importance in more 

 southern cities, as Baltimore and Washington. The fall webworm 

 (figs. 9, 10, and 11) was more abundant in Washington and the sur- 

 rounding country than it has been since the summer of 188G. 



These four insects are the principal shade-tree defoliators in the 

 Eastern States, if we except the imported gypsy moth, which is at 

 present fortunately confined to the immediate vicinity of Boston, and 

 is being cared for by a thoroughly capable State commission. While 

 the summer of 1895 may with justice be called an exceptional one as 

 regards the great increase of numbers, yet these insects are always 

 present and do a certain amount of damage each season, and, when an 

 exceptional season comes, as it did in 1895, city authorities seldom find 



themselves prepared 

 to engage in an in- 

 telligent and compre- 

 hensive fight. 



In crties farther 

 west other leaf-feed- 

 ers take the place of 

 those just mentioned. 

 The principal ones 

 are, perhaps, the oak 

 Edema, the cotton - 

 wood leaf beetle, and 

 the green-striped ma- 

 ple worm. 



Several scale in- 

 sects or bark lice are 

 occasionally serious 

 enemies to shade trees. 

 Maples suffer espe- 

 cially from their at- 

 tacks. The cottony 

 maple scale is found everywhere on all varieties of maple, and occasion- 

 ally in excessive abundance. The cottony maple leaf scale, a species 

 imported from Europe, is rapidly gaining in importance, and in several 

 New England towns it has, during the past season, seriously reduced the 

 vitality of many trees. The so-called " gloomy scale" has long been on 

 the increase in Washington, D. C., and every year it kills large branches 

 and even entire trees of the silver maples, which are so extensively 

 grown along the streets of that city. 



Certain borers are also occasionally destructive to many shade trees, 

 and, in fact, in the northern tier of States these are the most important 

 of the shade- tree enemies, the principal leaf feeders being either absent 

 or becoming single brooded. Where absent their places are taken by 

 less destructive species. 



Fio. 2. Bagworm at (a, b, c) successive stages of growth, c, male 

 bag; d, female bag natural size (original). 



