394 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



time or season are not injured. This suggested to the writer the 

 importance of experiments to determine the proper time to girdle trees 

 to avoid losses, and they are now being conducted on an extensive 

 scale, in cooperation with prominent cypress operators in different 

 sections of the cypress-growing region. 



SAPLINGS. Saplings, including hickory and other round hoop poles 

 and similar products, are subject to serious injuries and destruction by 

 round and flat-headed borers (fig. 46) and certain species of powder 

 post borers (figs. 48 and 49) before the bark and wood are dead or dry, 

 and also by other powder post borers (fig. 50), after they are dried and 

 seasoned. The conditions favoring attack by the former class are 

 those resulting from leaving the poles in piles or bundles in or near 

 the forest for a few weeks during the season of insect activity, and 

 by the latter, from leaving them stored in one place for several months. 



STAVE AND SHINGLE BOLTS. These are attacked by ambrosia beetles 

 (figs. 43-45) and the oak timber worm (fig. 47, a), which, as has been fre- 

 quently reported, cause serious losses. The conditions favoring attack 

 by these insects are similar to those mentioned under u Round timber." 

 The insects may enter the wood before the bolts are cut from the log, 

 or afterwards, especially if the bolts are left in moist, shady places in 

 the woods in close piles during the danger period. If cut during the 

 warm season, the bark should be removed and the bolts converted into 

 the smallest practicable size and piled in such a manner as to facilitate 

 rapid drying. 



HANDLE AND WAGON STOCK IN THE ROUGH. The crude material 

 from which this class of products is manufactured is especially liable 

 to injury by ambrosia beetles and round-headed borers, and, during the 

 warmer seasons, special precaution is required to prevent damage. 

 The conditions favoring attack of the round logs and bolts are the 

 same as with other round timber. Hickory and ash in the round with 

 the bark on are almost certain to be greatty damaged if the winter and 

 spring cuttings are held over a few weeks after the middle of March 

 or first of April. 



PULPWOOD AND CORDWOOD. Pulpwood is injured by ambrosia 

 beetles and round-headed borers, and cordwood by the latter. The 

 conditions favoring attack are those resulting from close piling, and 

 leaving in the woods, or in shady damp places, from a few weeks after 

 the first of April to the first of August. Material of this kind is 

 sometimes riddled with holes, or converted into "sawdust," if left in 

 close piles for a few months during the summer. This damage can be 

 avoided, to a great extent, by placing the sticks of wood in triangular, 

 or crib, piles immediately after they are cut from the tree a common 

 practice in the South. This facilitates rapid drying and renders the 



