FORESTRY COMMISSIONER. 65 



BAVARIA. 



STATE FORESTS. 



Bavaria, whose attractive capital, Munich, is frequented 

 by so many Americans, has 6,000,000 inhabitants. Its 

 state forests comprise 2,150,000 acres, and are mostly 

 managed as "selection" forests. Large forests are to be 

 found in all parts of the kingdom; but as a general rule 

 the mountainous districts in the south (Alps), the north 

 (Spessart) and northeast (Bohemian forest) are covered 

 with the densest forest. Of the whole area of the country 

 33 per cent is covered with forest. The prevailing kind 

 of trees, or 77 per cent, are coniferous. The remainder 

 comprise various kinds of deciduous trees those losing 

 their foliage in winter. Among the conifers, red and 

 white pine are most frequent. Among the deciduous 

 trees the beech occupies the greatest space. The oak is 

 also cultivated quite extensively for tanning purposes. 

 The average estimated value of the forest land is $50 per 

 acre. The annual aggregate expense of administering 

 the forests (1891) including salaries of officials, wages of 

 workingmen, local taxation, new purchases, etc. , amounts 

 to 14,965,204. The total revenue from the forests the 

 same year amounted to $8,187,349. Number of acres 

 sown or planted to forests in 1892 was 14,800, more than 

 three-fourths of which area was planted with coniferous 

 trees. In the case of the red pine and the white pine, 

 reforesting is mainly done in the natural way. In the 

 case of the fir {pinus sylvestris) it is always effected arti- 

 ficially; in the case of the beech, always in a natural way 

 (seed from standing trees) ; in the case of the oak, gen- 

 erally by artificial sowing. There is a continuity of for- 

 est products and a steady increase of the revenue which 

 the state derives from its forests. This is due, first to an 

 increase of prices, secondly to an increase of the yearly 



