DISEASES OF HORSES 151 



an unlimited supply of pure air. If the weather is warm, out in the 

 open air is the best place, but if too cold let him stand with head to 

 the door. Let him stand still; he has all he can do, if he obtains 

 sufficient pure air to sustain life. If he is encumbered with harness 

 or saddle, remove it at once and rub the body with cloths or wisps of 

 hay or straw. This stimulates the circulation in the skin, and thus 

 aids in relieving the lungs of the extra quantity of blood that is stag- 

 nated there. If you have three or four assistants, let them rub the 

 body and legs well until the skin feels natural; rub the legs until 

 they are warm, if possible. When the circulation is re-established, 

 put bandages on the legs from the hoofs up as far as possible. Throw 

 a blanket over the body and let the rubbing be done under the 

 blanket. Diffusible stimulants are the medicines indicated 

 brandy, whisky (or even ale or beer if nothing else is at hand), 

 ether and aromatic spirits of ammonia. Two ounces each of spirits 

 of nitrous ether and alcohol, given as a drench diluted with a pint 

 of water, every hour until relief is afforded, is among the best rem- 

 edies. Or, give a quarter of a pint of whisky in a pint of water every 

 hour, or the same quantity of brandy as often, or a quart of ale every 

 hour, or 1 ounce of tincture of arnica in a pint of water every hour 

 until five or six doses have been given. If none of these remedies 

 is at hand, 2 ounces of oil of turpentine, shaken with a half pint of 

 milk, may be given once, but not repeated. The animal may be 

 bled from the jugular vein. Do not take more than 5 or 6 quarts 

 from the vein, and do not repeat the bleeding. The blood thus 

 drawn will have a tarry appearance. 



When the alarming symptoms have subsided active measures 

 may be stopped, but care must be used in the general treatment of 

 the animal for several days, for it must be remembered that conges- 

 tion may be followed by pneumonia. The animal should have a 

 comfortable stall, where he will not be subjected to drafts or sudden 

 changes of temperature; he should be blanketed and the legs kept 

 bandaged. The air should be pure, a plentiful supply of fresh 

 cold water always in the stall, and a diet composed principally of 

 bran mashes, scalded oats, and, if in season, grass. When ready for 

 use again the horse should at first receive moderate exercise only, 

 which may be daily increased until he may safely be put to regular 

 work. 



PNEUMONIA, OR LUNG FEVER. 



Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. The chief varieties 

 of pneumonia are catarrhal later discussed in connection with 

 bronchitis, under the name of broncho-pneumonia and the fibrin- 

 ous or croupous variety. The latter form receives its name from the 

 fact that the air spaces are choked with coagulated fibrin thrown 

 out from the blood. This causes the diseased portions of the lungs 

 to become as firm as liver, in which condition they are said to be 

 hepatized. As air is excluded by the inflammatory product, the 

 diseased lung will not float in water. 



The inflammation usually begins in the lower part of the lung 

 and extends upward. The first stage of the disease consists of con- 



