156 HORSE, SWINE 'AND POULTRY DISEASES 



If you can administer a ball or capsule, or have anyone at hand 

 who is capable of doing it, a dram of sulphate of quinine in a capsule, 

 or made into a ball, with sufficient linseed meal and molasses, given 

 every three hours during the height of the fever, will do good in 

 many cases. The ball of carbonate of ammonia as advised in the 

 treatment of bronchitis, may be tried if the animal is hard to drench. 

 The heart should be kept strong by administering digitalis in doses 

 of 2 drams of the tincture every three hours, or strychnia 1 grain, 

 made into a pill with liquorice powder, three times daily. If the 

 horse becomes very much debilitated, stimulants of a more pro- 

 nounced character are required. Six ounces of good whisky diluted 

 with a pint of water may be given as often, instead of the foregoing. 



During the period of convalescence good nutritive food should 

 be allowed in a moderate quantity. Tonic medicines should be sub- 

 stituted for those used during the fever. The same medicines advised 

 for the convalescing period of bronchitis are equally efficient in this 

 case, especially the iodide of potash. Likewise, the same general 

 instructions apply here. The chief causes of death in pneumonia are 

 heart failure from exhaustion, suffocation, or blood poisoning from 

 death of lung tissue. The greater the area of lung tissue diseased 

 the greater the danger, hence double pneumonia is more fatal than 

 pneumonia of one lung. 



THE WINDPIPE. 



The windpipe, or trachea, as it is technically called, is the 

 flexible tube that extends from the larynx, which it succeeds at the 

 throat, to above the base of the heart in the chest, where it terminates 

 by dividing into the right and left bronchi the tubes going to the 

 right and left lung, respectively. The windpipe is composed of 

 about fifty incomplete rings of cartilage united by ligaments. Inter- 

 nally the tube is lined with a continuation of the mucous membrane 

 that lines the entire respiratory tract, which here has very little sensi- 

 bility in contrast to that lining the larynx, which is endowed with ex- 

 quisite sensitiveness. 



The windpipe is not subject to any special disease, but is more 

 or less affected during laryngitis (sore throat), influenza, bronchitis, 

 etc., and requires no special treatment. The membrane may be left 

 in a thickened condition after these attacks. One or more of the 

 rings may be accidentally fractured, or the tube may be distorted or 

 malformed as the result of violent injury. After the operation of 

 tracheotomy it is not uncommon to find a tumor or malformation as 

 a result, or sequel, of the operation. In passing over this section 

 attention is merely called to these defects, as they require no par- 

 ticular attention in the way of treatment. However, it may be stated 

 that any one of the before-mentioned conditions may constitute one 

 of the causes of noisy respiration described as "thick wind." 



GUTTURAL POUCHES. 



These two sacs are situated above the throat, and communicate 

 with the pharynx, as well as with the cavity of the tympanum of 

 the ear. They are peculiar to solipeds. Normally, they contain air. 

 Their function is unknown. One or both guttural pouches may con- 



