308 HORSE, SWINE AND POULTRY DISEASES 



papillae, and that at intervals these have bulged out into a vascular 

 fungous mass comparable to the grapes.^ 



Treatment. In treatment hygienic measures occupy a front 

 rank, but are in themselves insufficient to establish a cure. All local 

 and general conditions which favor the production and persistence of 

 the disease must be guarded against. Above all, cleanliness and pur- 

 ity of the stable and air must be secured ; also nourishing diet, regular 

 exercise, and the -avoidance of local irritants- septic, muddy, chilling, 

 etc. At the outset benzoated oxide of zinc ointment may be used with 

 advantage. A still better dressing is made with 1 ounce vaseline, 2 

 drams oxide of zinc, and 20 drops iodized phenol. If the surface is 

 much swollen and tender, a flaxseed poultice may be applied over the 

 surface of which has been poured some of the following lotion : Sugar 

 of lead, one-half ounce ; carbolic acid, 1 dram ; water, 1 quart. All 

 the astringents of the pharmacopoeia have been employed with more 

 or less advantage, and some particular one seems to suit particular 

 cases or patients. To destroy the grapes, they may be rubbed daily 

 with strong caustics (copperas, bluestone, lunar caustic), or each may 

 be tied round its neck by a stout waxed thread, or, finally and more 

 speedily, they may be cut off by a blacksmith's shovel heated to 

 redness and applied with its sharp edge toward the neck of the ex- 

 crescence, over a cold shovel held between it and the skin to protect 

 the skin from the heat. The cold shovel must be kept cool by fre- 

 quent dipping in water. After the removal of the grapes the astrin- 

 gent dressing must be persistently applied to the surface. When the 

 frog is affected, it must be pared to the quick and dressed with dry- 

 caustic powders (quicklime, copperas, bluestone) or carbolic acid 

 and subjected to pressure, the dressing being renewed every day at 

 least. 



CALLOSITIES. 



These are simple thickening and induration of the cuticle by 

 reason of continued pressure, notably in lying down on a hard sur- 

 face. Being devoid of hair, they cause blemishes; hence smooth 

 floors and good bedding should be secured as preventives. 



WAETS. 



These are essentially a morbid overgrowth of the superficial 

 papillary layer of the skin and of the investing cuticular layer. They 

 are mostly seen in young horses, about the lips, eyelids, cheeks, ears, 

 beneath the belly, and on the sheath, but may develop anywhere. 

 The smaller ones may be clipped off with scissors and the raw surface 

 cauterized with bluestone. The larger may be sliced off with a sharp 

 knife, or if with a narrow neck they may be twisted off and then cau- 

 terized. If very vascular they may be strangled by a wax thread or 

 cord tied around their necks, at least three turns being made round 

 and the ends being fixed by passing them beneath the last preceding 

 turn of the cord, so that they can be tightened day by day as they 

 slacken by shrinkage of the tissues. If the neck is too broad it may 

 be transfixed several times with a double-threaded needle and then 

 be tiod in sections. Very broad warts that can not be treated in this 

 way may be burned down to beneath the surface of the skin with a 



