DISEASES OF CATTLE 147 



Treatment. Treatment is only successful when the cause of the 

 trouble can be remedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) 

 have recovered, blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the 

 abdomen, or between the thighs may be resorted to with success. 

 Two drams daily of copaiba or of solid extract of belladonna or 2 

 grains Spanish flies may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, 

 the use of electric currents may still prove successful. 



URINARY CALCULI (STONE, OR GRAVEL). 



Stone, or gravel, consists in hard bodies mainly made up of the 

 solid earthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of 

 that liquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained 

 as small particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses 

 (stone, calculus). 



In looking for the immediate causes of urinary calculi we 

 must accord a high place to all those conditions which determine 

 the presence of excess of mucus, albumen, pus, blood, kidney casts, 

 blood-coloring matter, etc., in the urine. A catarrhal inflamma- 

 tion of the pelvis of the kidney, of the ureter, or of the bladder, 

 generating excess of mucus or pus; inflammation of the kidneys, 

 causing the discharge into the urinary passages of blood, albumen, 

 or hyaline casts; inflammation of the liver, lungs, or other distant 

 organ, resulting in the escape of albumen in the urine; disorders 

 of the liver or of the blood-forming functions, resulting in hema- 

 turia or hemoglobinuria; sprains or other injuries to the back, or 

 disease of the spinal marrow, which cause the escape of blood with 

 the urine; the presence in the bladder of a bacterian ferment, 

 which determines the decomposition of the mucus and urea, the 

 evolution of ammonia and the consequent destruction of the pro- 

 tecting cellular (epithelial) lining of the bladder, or the irritation 

 caused by the presence of an already formed calculus, may produce 

 the colloid or uncrystallizable body that proves so effective in the 

 precipitation of stone or gravel. It has long been known that calculi 

 will almost infallibly form around any foreign body introduced 

 into the kidney or bladder, and I have seen a large calculous mass 

 surrounding a splinter of an arrow that had penetrated and broken 

 off in the body of a deer. The explanation is now satisfactory 

 the foreign body carries in with it bacteria, which acts as ferments 

 upon the urine and mucus in addition to the mechanical injury 

 caused by its presence. If such a body has 'been introduced through 

 the solid tissues, there is, in addition, the presence of the blood and 

 lymph derived from the wounded structures. 



STONE IN THE KIDNEY (RENAL CALCULl) . 



In an animal leading the quiet, uneventful life of the ox, 

 stones of large size may be present in the kidney without producing 

 any disorder appreciable to the people about him. In cattle fat- 

 tened on dry food in winter, on our magnesian limestone of New 

 York, it is exceptional to find the substance of the kidney free 

 from calculi about the size of a grain of wheat or less, and standing 

 out as white objects in the general red of the cut surface of the 

 organ. Similarly around the papillaB in the cup-like arms of the 



