DISEASES OF CATTLE 253 



suits obtained during four years upon more than 10,000 subjects have 

 been most encouraging. 



In practicing annually tuberculination and vaccination of all 

 the cattle in contaminated stables without separating the tuberculous 

 from the nontuberculous and without heating the milk, 86 per cent 

 of the tuberculous centers have been practically wiped out after three 

 or four years without the appearance of any serious trouble during 

 the experiment. Upon stables more seriously contaminated Hey- 

 manns recognizes the fact that simple vaccination and tuberculina- 

 tion are ineffective, because the healthy cattle reinfect themselves in 

 proportion to the intensity of the contagion. Upon such farms, in 

 addition to vaccination, appropriate prophylaxis must be imposed. 



The tuberculous cattle vaccinated and tested with tuberculin an- 

 nually react less and less to the tuberculin, and by the third applica- 

 tion of the tuberculin test 50 to 60 per cent of them fail to show any 

 thermic elevation whatever. 



The results of more than 1,000 autopsies upon vaccinated cattle 

 indicate that in general healthy cattle that have been vaccinated have 

 remained immune to tuberculosis and that the tuberculous animals, 

 having ceased to react to tuberculin, present an arrested tuberculosis, 

 even a regression, but the total absence of tuberculous lesions is 

 exceptional. 



In conclusion, Heymanns states that his antituberculous vac- 

 cination is a method practical and efficacious and, taken together with 

 prophylactic measures, forms a valuable base in the struggle against 

 tuberculosis, permitting one to struggle victoriously against this foe 

 of our stables and this danger of infection to man. 



Dr. Klimmer has examined the following methods of vaccina- 

 tion: First, the bovo-vaccination of Von Behring; second, the vac- 

 cination with tauruman of Koch and Schutz ; third, the method of 

 Heymanns ; and fourth, the method of Klimmer. 



The method of Klimmer consists in vaccinating with attenuated 

 human tubercle bacilli. The nontuberculous animals are vaccinated 

 twice during the first year, and those that are tuberculous are vacci- 

 nated every three months. The following year all the animals are 

 vaccinated but once. 



The preventive methods of Von Behring and of Koch and 

 Schutz have proven practically inefficient. The reason is found in 

 the short duration of the immunity which they produce and in the 

 impossibility, while following sanitary regulations, of revaccinating 

 either with bovo-vaccine or the tauruman. Klimmer claims that it 

 is not possible at this date to estimate the curative value of the method 

 devised by Heymanns. 



The method of Klimmer has not yet been sufficiently tested. 

 Nevertheless, out of 43 vaccinated animals which had been exposed, 

 some of them during many years, to natural tuberculous contagion, 

 not a single one had developed tuberculosis up to the time of his 

 report. Tuberculous young cattle have been vaccinated and from 

 one to three years later have been killed, when autopsy has shown 

 that the progress of the disease has been arrested, the tuberculous 



