DISEASES OF CATTLE 347 



starch or wheat-flour gruel may also give temporary relief, but the 

 diarrhea is likely to reappear and cause the death of the animal. In 

 all cases the food must be carefully selected to assure good quality, 

 and should consist preferably of nutritious dry feed. 



NAGANA. 



Nagana, also called tsetse fly disease, is an infectious fever oc- 

 curring chiefly in horses and cattle, characterized by alternating par- 

 oxysms and intermissions and produced by a specific flagellate proto- 

 zoan (Trypanosoma Brucei) in the blood. It is probably transmit- 

 ted from animal to animal solely by the bites of the tsetse fly. This 

 insect is something like a large house fly, and when it settles on a 

 diseased animal sucks the blood and infects its proboscis, it is en- 

 abled on biting a second animal to infect the latter by direct inocu- 

 lation. This disease is found throughout a large portion of central 

 and southern Africa, along the low-lying and swampy valleys. It 

 has never occurred in the United States, nor is it known to be present 

 in the Philippines, but its relation to surra and the possibility of its 

 appearance in one of our island dependencies are the reasons for 

 including a few remarks at this time. 



Symptoms. The chief symptoms in addition to the fever, 

 which is usually about 104 to 105 F., are the muscular wasting, 

 progressive anemia, and loss of power, together with the edema most 

 marked about the head, legs, abdomen, and genital organs. The 

 urine is yellow and turbid, and occasionally contains albumen and 

 blood. There is paralysis of one or both of the hind legs, difficult 

 urination and defecation, labored breathing, discharge from the eyes 

 and nose, extreme thirst, and gradual extension of paralysis to other 

 parts of the body. The disease runs a chronic course, lasting from 

 three to six weeks in horses, and from one to six months in cattle. 

 Besides these animals, the mule, ass, buffalo, antelope, hyena, camel, 

 and dog contract the disease naturally, and sheep, goats, cats, and 

 small laboratory animals succumb to artificial inoculation. 



Lesions. The spleen and lymphatic glands are enlarged. There 

 are sero-fibrinous exudates in the body cavities, the liver is enlarged 

 and engorged, heart flabby, and a catarrhal condition is present in 

 the respiratory passages. Pathological changes occur in the spinal 

 cord. The finding of the trypanpsoma by microscopic examination 

 of the blood will be conclusive evidence for diagnosis. 



Treatment. Treatment has not proved satisfactory. Quinine, 

 arsenic, methylene blue, and other drugs have been used, but with- 

 out success. Endeavors thus far made to produce immunity from 

 this disease have likewise been unavailing. 



CATTLE FARCY. 



This is a chronic disease of cattle occurring in France and the 

 island of Guadeloupe, West Indies. It is characterized by caseat- 

 ing nodular swellings, first of the skin and afterwards of the super- 

 ficial lymphatic vessels and glands, finally proving fatal within a 

 year by extension to the viscera. The swellings rupture and dis- 

 charge a purulent yellowish fluid, which contains the causative 

 organism. This affection, called farcin du boeuf by the French, 



