DISEASES OF CATTLE 365 



to be given may be first measured off, poured into the bottle, and the 

 point marked on the outside of the bottle with a file, so that sub- 

 sequent doses may be measured in the bottle itself. A simple form 

 of drenching tube consists of a piece of rubber tubing about 3 feet 

 long and one-half inch in diameter, with an ordinary tin funnel 

 inserted in one end and a piece of brass or iron tubing 4 to 6 inches 

 long and of suitable diameter inserted in the other end. In use 

 the metal tube is placed in the animal's mouth between the back 

 teeth, and the dose is poured into the funnel, which is either held 

 by an assistant or fastened to a post. The flow of liquid through 

 the tube is controlled by pinching the rubber tubing near the point 

 of union with the metal tube. It is important not to raise the 

 animal's head too high on account of the danger of the dose enter- 

 ing the lungs. The nose should not be raised higher than the level 

 of the eyes. The animal may be dosed either standing on all fours 

 or lying on the side. It has been found by experiment that if the 

 dose is taken quietly most of it will pass directly to the fourth stom- 

 ach when the animal is dosed in a standing position, and that when 

 the animal is dosed lying down little or none of the dose passes im- 

 mediately to the fourth stomach. From this it is evident that the 

 position on all fours is preferable, as more of the dose passes to the 

 place where its action is required. 



Great care should be used not only in dosing to avoid the en- 

 trance of the liquid into the lungs, but also in the preparation and 

 administration of the remedy so that the solution may not be too 

 strong or the dose too large. 



Coal-tar Creosote. Good results have been obtained from a 

 single dose of a 1 per cent solution of a coal-tar creosote. This solu- 

 tion is made by shaking together 1 ounce of coal-tar creosote and 99 

 ounces (6 pints 3 ounces) of water. The doses of this 1 per cent mix- 

 ture are as follows: 



Calves 3 to 8 months old 5 to 10 ounces. 



Yearling steers 1 pint. 



Two-year-olds and above 1 quart. 



Serious objections to the use of coal-tar creosote have been found 

 in that the substance known by this name varies considerably in 

 composition and in that some trouble is often experienced in ob- 

 taining it in many parts of the country. Complaints have been 

 made that the substance dispensed by some druggists as coal-tar 

 creosote has failed to give satisfactory results. 



Bluestone. Bluestone, or copper sulphate, has been exten- 

 sively used in South Africa in the treatment of sheep and cattle 

 for stomach worms and is recommended by the colonial veteri- 

 nary surgeon of Cape Colony as the best and safest remedy. To 

 prepare the solution take 1 pound (avoirdupois) of pure blue- 

 stone, powder it fine and dissolve in 9% gallons of warm water. It 

 is better to first dissolve the bluestone in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling 

 water, then add the remaining quantity of cold water, and mix 

 thoroughly. This solution may be given to cattle in the following- 

 sized doses: 



