DISEASES OF CATTLE 425 



8; the pins should be placed about three-eighths of an inch apart. 

 The projecting ends of the pins should be cut off close to the liga- 

 ture, and the parts kept anointed with vaseline, to which has been 

 added 5 per cent of creolin. In place of a pin suture, silver wire, 

 catgut, or strong linen thread may be used in the way of an ordinary 

 suture. 



FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EYE. 



Splinters of wood, hedge thorns, pieces of cornstalk or leaves, 

 stems of hay or straw, twigs of trees, or weeds may penetrate into the 

 eye, break off and remain, causing inflammation, blindness, abscess, 

 etc. These substances may penetrate the eyeball, but more fre- 

 quently they glide off and enter between the eye and the ocular 

 sheath. 



Treatment. Their removal becomes often a very difficult task, 

 from the fact that the organ is so extremely sensitive, and the re- 

 tracting power so strong as to necessitate casting the animal, or even 

 the administration of sufficient chloroform to render it completely 

 insensible. The removal, however, is of paramount importance, and 

 the after treatment depends upon the extent and location of the in- 

 jurycold water compress over the injured eye, the application of 

 mild astringent and cooling washes, such as acetate or sulphate of 

 zinc, 5 grains to the ounce of water. When there is extreme suffer- 

 ing from pain a 5 per cent solution of atropia or morphia, 5 grains 

 to the ounce of water, may be dropped into the eye, alternating with 

 the cooling wash several times a day. When abscesses form within 

 the orbit a free opening must be maintained for the discharge of 

 pus. In deep penetrating wounds of the eye there is a great tendency 

 to the formation of a fungus growth, which often necessitates the 

 enucleation of the whole eyeball. 



FRACTURE OF THE ORBIT. 



This accident occasionally occurs among belligerent animals, 

 or as the result of blows delivered by brutal attendants. The orbital 

 process above the eye may be entirely crushed in, pressing down 

 upon the eyeball. In such an event the depressed bone should be 

 elevated into its proper place, and if it fails to unite it may have to 

 be removed with saw or chisel. This margin of the orbit may be 

 crushed at any point and cause periorbital abscess, or necrosis may 

 result from the presence of a splinter or bone or the excessive de- 

 struction of the bone. In all cases of fracture the animal should be 

 taken out of the herd and kept by itself until the injured part heals. 



DISLOCATION OF THE EYEBALL. 



The eyeball may be torn out of its socket by the horns of an- 

 other animal in a fight, or it may be crowded out with the blunt end 

 of a club, cane, or probe in the hands of a brutal attendant. 



Treatment. When the optic nerve is not lacerated and the re- 

 tractor muscles at the back of the eye are intact, an attempt at reduc- 

 tion is advisable. This, however, must follow very soon after the 

 injury before swelling takes place. Divide the outer corner of the 

 eyelid to enlarge the orifice, then by pressure with the fingers of both 

 hands placed upon the sides of the eye the ball may be put back into 



