DISEASES OF SHEEP 585 



be deprived of feed for twelve to sixteen or even twenty-four hours 

 before they are dosed, and in case bluestone is used should receive 

 no water on the day they are dosed, either before or after dosing. In 

 drenching, a long-necked bottle or a drenching tube may be used. 

 In case a bottle is used the dose to be given may be first measured off, 

 poured into the bottle, and the point marked on the outside of the 

 bottle with a file, so that subsequent doses may be measured in the 

 bottle itself. A simple form of drenching tube consists of a piece of 

 rubber tubing about 3 feet long and one-half inch in diameter, with 

 an ordinary tin funnel inserted in one end and a piece of brass or 

 iron tubing 4 to 6 inches long and of suitable diameter inserted in 

 the other end. In use the metal tube is placed in the animal's mouth 

 between the back teeth, and the dose is poured into the funnel, 

 which is either held by an assistant or fastened to a post. The flow 

 of liquid through the tube is controlled by pinching the rubber tub- 

 ing near the point of union with the metal tube. It is important 

 not to raise the animal's head too high on account of the danger of 

 the dose entering the lungs. The nose should not be raised higher 

 than the level of the eyes. The animal may be dosed either stand- 

 ing on all fours or set upon its haunches. It has been found by 

 experiment that if the dose is taken quietly most of it will pass 

 directly to the fourth stomach when the animal is dosed in a stand- 

 ing position, and that when the animal is placed on its haunches 

 only a part of the dose passes immediately to the fourth stomach. 

 From this it is evident tnat the position on all fours is preferable, 

 as more of the dose passes to the place where its action is required. 



Great care should be used not only in dosing to avoid the en- 

 trance of the liquid into the lungs, but also in the preparation and 

 administration of the remedy so that the solution may not be too 

 strong or the dose too large. 



Good results have been obtained from a single dose of a 1 per 

 cent solution of coal-tar creosote. This solution is made by shaking 

 together 1 ounce of coal-tar creosote and 99 ounces (6 pints 3 

 ounces) of water. The doses of this 1 per cent mixture recom- 

 mended by Stiles are as follows: 



Lambs 4 to 12 months old 2 to 4 ounces. 



Yearling sheep and above 3to 5 ounces. 



Calves 3 to 8 months old 5 to 10 ounces. 



Yearling steers 1 pint. 



Two-year-olds and above 1 quart. 



Serious objections to the use of coal-tar creosote have been found 

 in that the substance known by this name varies considerably in 

 composition and in that some trouble is often experienced in obtain- 

 ing it in many parts of the country. Complaints have been made 

 that the substance dispensed by some druggists as coal-tar creosote 

 has failed to give satisfactory results. 



Bluestone, or copper sulfate, has been extensively used in South 

 Africa in the treatment of sheep for stomach worms and is recom- 

 mended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Colony as 



