128 HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, FLORICULTURE 



for a great length of time with stagnant water either on the surface 

 or within the soil. All surplus water from excessive rainfall or from 

 other causes should be promptly removed by either surface or sub- 

 drainage. If the natural formation of the land does not afford such 

 prompt drainage it must be provided artificially. Surface ditches or 

 furrows between the rows of trees may afford temporary drainage, 

 but they are objectionable on other accounts that will be apparent; 

 for an orchard thus drained will be difficult to get over in its neces- 

 sary care and in gathering and handling the fruit. Underdrainage 

 is far better on these accounts; besides, it is much more thorough, 

 especially if accomplished by means of well-laid tile. A thorough 

 breaking up of the subsoil will afford temporary drainage in a stiff 

 clay soil, but in a few years the soil will again become compact, when 

 it will require restirring. But in all cases the planter must be the 

 judge of the special drainage requirements of his soil and location. 

 (F. B. 113.) 



HARVESTING, MARKETING, AND STORING FRUIT. 



Classes of Fruit Growers. The first step in a discussion of mar- 

 keting is a classification of the purposes of the given enterprise. 

 Classified in respect to the objects in view, there are two kinds of 

 fruit-growing, that which desires the product primarily for home 

 use, and that which desires it primarily for market. Of market or 

 commercial fruit-growing, there are again two types, that which 

 aims at a special or personal market, and that which aims at the gen- 

 eral or open market. The ideals in these two types of fruit-growing 

 are very unlike, and the methods and the varieties which succeed for 

 the one may not succeed for the other. 



The man who grows fruits for the special market has a definite 

 problem. The product is desired for its intrinsic qualities ; and 

 special products demand special prices. The man who grows fruit 

 for the world's market, has no personal customer. The product is 

 desired for its extrinsic or market qualities ; and the world's products 

 bring the world's prices. The special market fruit-grower generally 

 works on a small base. The world's market fruit-grower works on a 

 large base; or he sells to another who, by combining simi- 

 lar products of many persons, is able to command the attention of 

 the market. Failure to distinguish these two categories is the result 

 of a confusion of ideas. One grows fruit either for a special and per- 

 sonal market, in which case he looks for his own customer and is in- 

 dependent of general trade ; or he grows what the market demands, 

 and allows the machinery of trade to handle the product. In the 

 latter effort, the American fruit-grower is pre-eminent; but in the 

 former he has made little more than a beginning. The fact is that in 

 the staple or large-area crops, the demand regulates the supply; 

 whereas, in products which are essentially luxuries, amenities and ac- 

 cessories, the supply largely regulates the demand. In fruits there 

 are some types or varieties which are staples for that group staples 

 in the sense that they are adapted to cultivation over wide areas and 

 to be sold in the general and open markets. In apples, the Baldwin 

 and Ben Davis are staples; Chenango and Lady are accessories. It 



