HORTICULTURE 145 



board liner of the carton. The cartons without the extra wrap pre- 

 served the fruit in good, sound condition, freer from mold and tainted 

 less by storage-house odors than fruit stored in open packages. With 

 the extra wrap the cartons proved too tight; the fruit softened and 

 had the characteristic bad flavor of fruit confined in an atmosphere 

 of carbon dioxid. Wrapping baskets of berries in thin impervious 

 paper aids materially in retaining the bright color and attractive 

 appearance of the fruit, prevents the absorption of storage-house 

 odors to a marked degree, and retards to some extent the appearance 

 of mold. Strawberries were kept in good condition in cold storage 

 from one to two weeks; red raspberries, two to three days; black 

 raspberries, three to five days; blackberries and dewberries, from a 

 week to ten days, and currants, two to three weeks. Cranberries kept 

 all winter. Strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which have 

 been stored for several days usually begin to break down within ten 

 to twelve hours after removal from storage, while currants and goose- 

 berries hold up from twelve to twenty-four hours longer. Upon re- 

 moval from cold storage small fruits should be placed in the hands 

 of the consumers as soon as possible. (B. P. I. B. 108.) 



Storing Fruit Pointers. The importance of being able to 

 store fruit successfully is that: (a) It tends to prevent gluts in the 

 market; (b) it gives opportunity to get far better prices; (c) it gives 

 stability to prices; (d) it gives a chance to distribute the labors of 

 marketing over longer time. 



The essentials of fruit storing are as follows: (a) The fruit 

 must be of good quality and have been carefully handled. It will 

 seldom pay to store poor fruit, (b) Every grower should have facili- 

 ties for keeping fruit for a short time. This may consist of cellars, 

 caves, or sheds with double walls, (c) Ventilation and temperature 

 are the chief points to consider in keeping storage quarters at their 

 best. Ice may sometimes be used to advantage in reducing tempera- 

 ture, (d) Whether the grower should own his storage house or use 

 commercial cold storage is' a point that should be carefully consid- 

 ered by every fruit grower, (e) The varieties which keep well in 

 cold storage should be carefully considered by those who expect to 

 store their fruit, as there is a great difference in their keeping quali- 

 ties. (U. S. E. S. B. 178.) 



BOTANY OP CULTIVATED FRUIT PLANTS. 



Buds of Fruit Plants. Buds are generally formed at the nodes 

 and in the axils of leaves, but may also develop under certain condi- 

 tions anywhere on the stem or root. Plums, cherries, raspberries, and 

 blackberries thus develop buds when cut back or injured. The fruit 

 buds of apples, pears, and European plums are usually produced on 

 short spurs at least two years old. The peach fruit buds are borne 

 only on the new growth formed the preceding season. Fruit buds are 

 usually larger than leaf buds. With orchard fruits they are formed 

 during late summer and early fall, and with a little practice can be 

 readily distinguished in winter. In most cases the embryo flower 

 within the bud can be seen with the naked eye. 



The proper development of the fruit bud is influenced by factors 



