154 HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, FLORICULTURE 



case is obvious and the condition is readily corrected. (Va. E. S. B. 

 155.) 



CIRCULATION OF SAP IN PLANTS. 



This is a complicated process that is understood in only a general 

 way. In fruit plants that have netted veined leaves the circulation 

 is as follows: (a) The crude sap comes up from the roots to the 

 leaves through the sapwood. (6) In the leaves it is digested and 

 enters into combination with the food that the leaves take from the 

 air and is then termed "prepared sap." (c) The prepared sap returns 

 to feed the plant through the cambium, which is the portion on the 

 outside next the bark, (d) Girdling cuts off this return flow of sap 

 and prevents its going to feed the tissues below. (U. S. E. S. B. 

 178.) 



Classification of Varieties. It has been estimated that there are 

 more than 10,000 varieties of cultivated fruits in America. In order 

 to study these satisfactorily some method of classification is necessary. 

 Botanists have found it convenient to group plants under the head 

 of class, order, genus, and species. The same classification applies to 

 the larger groups in horticulture, but the horticulturist goes further 

 with his classification and divides his plants into varieties. 



Variety. A variety is made up of a group of individuals which 

 differ from the rest of their species in certain recognizable particulars 

 which are transmitted from generation to generation without mate- 

 rial modification. Varieties having certain important traits in com- 

 mon are made into groups more or less definite by the horticulturist, 

 as for instance, when he groups certain varieties of fruits or vegeta- 

 bles together, as Burbank potatoes, Winesap apples, etc. 



New varieties of fruits are continually appearing. In the nam- 

 ing and describing of these new sorts there is chance for confusion 

 by duplication of names. In order to simplify this the following 

 rules have been adopted by the American Pomological Society: 



Rule I. The originator or introducer (in the order named) has 

 the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. 



Rule II. The society reserves the right, in case of long, inap- 

 propriate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify, or 

 wholly change them when they shall occur in its discussions or re- 

 ports, and also to recommend such changes for general adoption. 



Rule III. The name of a fruit should preferably express as far 

 as practicable by a single word a characteristic of the variety, the 

 name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinary 

 circumstances should more than a single word be employed. 



Rule IV. Should the question of priority arise between differ- 

 ent names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being 

 equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given precedence. 



Rule V. To entitle a new fruit to the award or commendation 

 of the society it must possess some valuable or desirable quality, or 

 combination of qualities, in a higher degree than any previously 

 known variety of its class and season. 



Rule VI. A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, ex- 

 amined and reported upon as a new fruit by a committee of the so- 



