240 HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, FLORICULTURE 



first may be temporary, a mere stake or pole sufficiently strong to bear 

 its weight and tall enough to train it in an upright position for one 

 or two seasons. During this time it should be trained as a single 

 shoot, from which all lateral or side branches are pinched off as soon 

 as they are formed. These lateral or side branches will start at a 

 point above each leaf and will be very easily broken off if attended 

 to early. 



At the end of the first year's growth of the young vine, treated 

 as above directed, it may be expected to resemble an upright stem. A 

 well-cultivated grape-vine of the Concord or some equally strong- 

 growing variety should then be from 5 to 10 feet in length. Its 

 treatment the following or second year will depend somewhat upon 

 the training intended. In any event it should be cut back in the fall 

 or winter of the first year to within about 2 feet of the ground. 



Only the two upper buds should be allowed to grow for the sec- 

 ond season, and they should be treated as the single shoot of the 

 previous year was ; that is, by training them to single shoots. If the 

 vine, now in its third year's growth from layer or cutting, is a strong 

 one it may be allowed to bear a cluster of fruit on each of the two 

 shoots of wood of this year's growth. In the fall or early winter each 

 of these two shoots (now called canes) should be cut back to about 

 2 feet in length. The vine will then have its stem and two branches 

 or canes cut back to an even length, as they are intended for the per- 

 manent horizontal arms of the vine that is to be. 



Permanent Supports. The vine has now passed its second year 

 in its permanent location and is ready for a more enduring support. 

 This may be a stake, a building, or a trellis. The stake is now almost 

 obsolete, having been superseded by the trellis, made cheaper and 

 really better than the stake through the use of wire in its construc- 

 tion. 



Training on Buildings. Many farm buildings, and even the 

 dwelling itself in some instances, may be utilized in supporting a 

 vine or vines, and in not a few cases would be made more beautiful. 

 If the vines are to be trained on the walls of buildings, they should 

 be planted in a well-prepared border or bed, a few inches from the 

 foundation, and the eaves should have gutters to carry the excess of 

 water away from their roots. The vines should be securely attached 

 to the wall to prevent them from giving way under the weight of 

 fruit. A strip of woven wire may be attached to the wall and the 

 vines tied or fastened to it. In this way the building will not be 

 damaged by fastening the vines directly to the wall. With build- 

 ings of little value the vines may be made fast by tacking strips of 

 old leather or even cloth over the branches and against the walls at 

 convenient distances apart. A wall, because of its warmth and 

 dryness, is an excellent place to grow fine grapes, and if the vine so 

 planted is properly trained and cared for it will become an object of 

 beauty and a joy to the farmer's household. 



The Trellis. The trellis, the most simple and now the almost 

 universal form of support for the vine, especially in northern sec- 

 tions of the United States, is built of posts and wires. It may be 



