HORTICULTURE 247 



mental purposes, owing to their beautiful foliage and the rich colora- 

 tion they assume, the shade they afford and their hardihood and 

 longevity. (Y. B. 1904.) 



The grape is also the poor man's fruit, especially one who has 

 only a house lot of the smallest possible dimensions. He can plant 

 vines beside his cottage and their roots will extend and profitably 

 occupy every inch of ground underneath it, and from that small space 

 produce all the fruit his family can consume, while the vines afford 

 shade and protection and add beauty to his little home, occupying no 

 space, either above or below the ground, to interfere with other inter- 

 ests, and producing more fruit in less time and with less labor and at- 

 tention than anything that was ever planted. (Y. B. 1904.) 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Classes. (a) The European raspberry (Rubus ideus). Varieties 

 of this class were for many years the only kinds grown in this coun- 

 try. They proved, however, to be poorly adapted to our conditions, 

 although in a few localities as, for instance, near the Hudson River 

 they were a success. The Herstine, Hudson River, Red Antwerp, 

 and Superlative are representatives of this class. (6) The American 

 raspberries are the foundation of commercial raspberry growing in 

 the United States. They embrace the red raspberry (Rubus strigosa) 

 and the black-cap varieties (Rubus occidentalis) . The Cuthbert, 

 King, and Turner are of the red, and the Gregg, Older, and Ohio of 

 the black-cap varieties, (c) Hybrids of the red and black caps are 

 common. They were once regarded as a separate species and were 

 name Rubus neglectus. Examples are the Columbian, Schaeffer, and 

 Philadelphia. All raspberries in cultivation are divided into two 

 classes: (1) Those that increase by tip layers, and (2) those that 

 propagate by suckers. This is not a strictly botanical classification, 

 but has been adopted for convenience. 



Propagation. The methods of propagation vary greatly with 

 the different species. All may be grown from seed but do not come 

 "true." In practice the following methods are commonly used: 

 (a) The red raspberry may be grown from suckers. (6) Root cut- 

 tings are also used for propagating the red raspberry and some of its 

 hybrids, (c) Tip layers are used for the black-cap varieties and its 

 hybrids, (d) All kinds may be propagated by divisions of the stocks. 



Soil and Location. A cool location and a retentive soil are best 

 for the raspberry. It is very liable to injury from hot sunny weather 

 and drying winds, hence northern are better than southern slopes, 

 and eastern better than western. The red varieties are better than the 

 black for the South, while in dry northern sections the black caps 

 succeed better than the red. Protection from drying winds is desir- 

 able, and it is frequently necessary to use wind-breaks for this 

 purpose. 



Planting and Training. (a) Varieties selected for planting 

 should be such as are adapted to the location and to the special pur- 

 pose for which they are grown. Much depends upon the judgment 

 of the grower in selecting a variety suited to his conditions and in 

 buying strong, healthy sets for planting. (6) Plant about 4 by 7 



