248 HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, FLORICULTURE 



feet apart. This, however, depends upon the kind of raspberries 

 grown, (c) Red raspberries may be planted either in the autumn 

 or spring. If black-cap varieties are set in the autumn, the work 

 must be done with great care and the plants be protected with mulch 

 in the winter. As a rule they should only be planted in the spring. 

 (d) Suckering raspberries should be planted a little deeper than 

 tney grew. Cap sorts should be planted at the same depth that they 

 grew, (e) In growing extensively trellises are seldom used, but in 

 small gardens they are often advantageous. (/) The canes grow one 

 year, and fruit the next. The old canes should be cut out and burned 

 as soon as they are done fruiting. A hooked knife is generally used 

 for this purpose, (g) When growth starts in the spring, all but four 

 or five young canes of each plant should be cut out. If more are left 

 they often become top crowded. The extent to which the thinning of 

 the canes should be carried depends largely upon the kinds grown. 

 (h) Spring pruning consists in shortening the lateral branches from 

 one-third to one-half of their growth. Much more severe pruning 

 is needed in the case of black caps than with red raspberries, (i) Sum- 

 mer pruning consists in pinching off the new growth when the canes 

 are about 2 feet high. When the canes are covered in winter, this 

 pinching should be done but once ; where they are not covered the 

 pinching off should be repeated to make the plants stocky. For 

 summer pruning, sheep shears or a sharp knife is best. 



Cultivation (a) Hoed crops may be used the first year between 

 the plants to advantage. (6) The cultivation should be shallow and 

 continuous throughout the season, (c) Mulching is sometimes prac- 

 ticed, but it is seldom that good mulching material is sufficiently 

 abundant to make its use practicable upon a large scale. A satisfac- 

 tory method is to cultivate until the fruit commences to ripen and 

 then mulch for 2 feet around the bushes, leaving the remaining 3 feet 

 to continue to be cultivated. After picking remove all old canes 

 and cultivate, (d) The tools used in cultivating raspberries are 

 much the same as those in general use in gardens, and consist of the 

 one-horse plow, the garden cultivator, and the hoe. An attachment 

 for cutting suckers is sometimes put on the cultivator. 



Fertilizers. Stable manure is generally most desired for rasp- 

 berries. If commercial fertilizers are used ground bone and nitrate 

 of potash are as good as anything, and may be applied at the rate of 

 300 pounds of ground bone and 100 pounds of nitrate of potash per 

 acre. 



Winter Protection. (a) In severe locations the canes must be 

 laid on the ground and be protected in winter. In such places they 

 should be pinched back but once for, if pinched frequently, the canes 

 become too strong to lay down. Some of the best raspberry growers 

 do not pinch back at all if they intend to lay the canes on the ground 

 in winter. (6) A machine has been originated in Minnesota that 

 covers raspberries and blackberries successfully, requiring four horses 

 to operate it. It is there used on a large scale, (c) The proper time 

 to raibj covered canes in the spring will depend upon circumstances. 

 They need not be uncovered until late, and may thus be held back 



