FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION 369 



can only be decided with relation to local characteristics of the 

 situation to be planted. However, some general divisions can be 

 made which will aid the prospective planter. In nature we find 

 White Elm and ArborvitEe, growing in dry situations on high land, 

 but these same species have a better development in low, moist soils. 

 Some light, shifting, sandy soils produced magnificent trees, but 

 when cleared left the soil unprotected. Such soils may at first 

 require species adapted to poorer sites, but after protection has been 

 obtained more valuable species making higher demands on the soil 

 may be used. 



The soils of denuded lands are very deceptive in relation to 

 tree growth. In many sections there are sandy ridges which in 

 some localities are blowing and shifting badly. The sandy soil in 

 these places would seem too dry for any kind of growth. However, 

 upon going down a short depth we find plenty of moisture through- 

 out the summer, and this dry looking soil is well suited for tree 

 growth. 



The following general classification may be made as a sugges- 

 tion, based, so far as native species are concerned, on original and 

 present distribution in Ontario. It must be noted in this classifica- 

 tion that species are placed from the standpoint of endurance; that 

 is, certain species will endure extremes of dry and wet, but would 

 of course grow in the medium condition of fresh soil. In forest 

 planting it is necessary to find species which will endure the 

 extremes. Classification made in relation to moisture content of 

 soil: Very Wet Soil Arborvitae, Tamarac, Black Ash. Wet Soil 

 Norway Spruce, White Spruce, White Pine, White Elm. Bur 

 Oak, Red and White Maple, Tulip. Fresh Soil White Oak, White 

 Ash, Rock Elm, Black Cherry, Sugar Maple, Black Walnut, Chest- 

 nut. Dry Soil Red. Pine, Scotch Pine, European Larch, Red Oak, 

 Chestnut, Black Locust. Very Dry Soil Scotch Pine, Red Pine, 

 European Larch. 



Classification made in relation to tenacity by which we say a 

 soil is stiff or loose, heavy clay soil and light shifting sand being the 

 two extremes : Heavy Clay Soil Norway Spruce, Arborvitae, White 

 Pine, White Elm, Rock Elm, Red and White Maple, Black Cherry, 

 Black Locust. Loose Sandy or Gravelly Soil Red Pine, Scotch Pine, 

 European Larch, White Pine, Chestnut, Red Oak, Black Locust. 

 Very Dry Shifting Soil Scotch Pine, Black Locust. 



Kind of Wood Crop Desired. The choice of species may be 

 influenced by the local markets. In a fruit district the demand for 

 posts and stakes may be so important that it would be well to plant 

 species which would furnish this demand. Fencing material is 

 always in demand in an agricultural country so that Black Locust, 

 Arborvitse, Red Oak, and Chestnut should always be safe investments 

 in planting. 



Availability of Planting Material. The prospective planter will 

 be limited in his choice of species, by the availability and cost of 

 planting material. Our native Red Pine is probably suited to sites 

 similar to Scotch Pine, and it might even prove a better tree for re- 



