FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION 413 



is essential. Forest planting by farmers in California is needed for 

 the protection of watersheds, as shelterbelts for orchards, and for 

 the production of commercial timber. The area of planted timber 

 in this region is 38,862 acres, of which 37,100 acres have been 

 planted by private landowners. A very interesting and economically 

 valuable object lesson in planting is the aggregate of 20,000 acres 

 of eucalypts in California. This presents a remarkable example of 

 profitable returns from a quick-growing species, and shows the value 

 of further experiments with exotic species in the United States. 

 If proper species are used there should be no great difficulty in 

 securing good shelterbelts and woodlots on western irrigated lands. 

 Eastern trees have proved most useful in the limited planting done 

 thus far. Ash, cottonwood, locust, elm, and introduced species, such 

 as Norway spruce and Scotch pine, have been planted. The choice 

 of species depeno!s chiefly upon temperature, since moisture can be 

 controlled by irrigation. 



The development of planting in California has been more rapid 

 than in any other State in the region. High returns from plan- 

 tations have already been secured, and the southern part of the State 

 is likely to be a great producer of eucalyptus (hardwood) timber 

 for many uses, especially furniture and wagon stock. It is esti- 

 mated that there are at least 1,000,000 acres of land in the valleys 

 of southern California uponi which continued irrigation for the 

 production of fruit is not feasible, but which can be irrigated from 

 time to time, and are well suited for the growing of eucalypts. The 

 principal forest lands outside of National Forests lie in Washington 

 and Oregon, west of the Cascades, and in California. Possibly 25 

 to 30 per cent of the cut-over lands in the former section will be 

 devoted eventually to agriculture. Adequate fire protection and 

 proper forest management will provide for a future timber supply 

 on the remainder of these lands. Planting will be a small factor 

 only, and supplemental to forest management, in order to restock 

 areas that can not reseed naturally, because of lack of seed trees. 

 (Y. B. 1909.) 



CANADA. 



About one-third of the Dominion of Canada, 1,249,000 square 

 miles, or nearly 800,000,000 acres, is classed as woodland, though 

 the area stocked with commercial timber probably does not exceed 

 260,000,000 acres. The net exports of wood are over 2,000,000 

 tons a ye T more than double those of the United States. The per 

 capita consumption is high 60 cubic feet a year for timber and 

 132 cubic feet for fuel. A forest office in the department of the 

 interior has been established since 1899, and since 1901 a pro- 

 tective service of fire rangers has been organized in some of the 

 Dominion lands, with excellent results. Farmers and others, par- 

 ticularly in the central prairie regions, have been supplied free of 

 charge with 7,000,000 seedlings for forest plantation. (F. S. 

 Cir. 140.) 



Catalpa (Speciosa). In making the catalpa a farm crop the 

 risk is small because the product, in some form, will always be in 



