one-sixth. Douglas fir and cedar, the next two, with approximately 

 equal quantities, supply less than one-fifteenth apiece. Chestnut, 

 cypress, western pine, tamarack, hemlock, and redwood are all of 

 importance, but no one of them furnishes more than a small pro- 

 portion. Oak and southern pine stand highest in both total and 

 average value. Chestnut ranks next, followed by cedar. Hem- 

 lock is the cheapest. More than three-fourths of all ties are hewed ; 

 and with every wood from which ties are made, except Douglas fir 

 and western pine, the number of hewed ties is greater than the 

 number sawed. About ten times as many Douglas fir ties are 

 sawed as are hewed. Of the oak ties a little over one-sixth and of 

 the southern pine ties less than one-third are sawed. The market 

 for ties is always active. (F. S. B. 77.) 



Cooperage Timber. Staves are manufactured in considerable 

 quantities from 14 different kinds of wood. The most important 

 of these is elm, which furnishes more than one-fifth of the total 

 number, with pine and red gum ranking next. These three kinds 

 furnish practically one-half of the total number. Of the different 

 kinds of staves, ash shows the highest average value. This is be- 

 cause the majority of ash staves are used for butter tubs and other 

 packages which require wood that is sound and durable and at the 

 same time is absolutely free from odor or taste that can be imparted 

 to the contents. Elm has long stood pre-eminent in the manufac- 

 ture of slack barrels, and has only recently been approached by 

 other woods. Red oak makes an excellent stave. Red gum ranks 

 next, while maple, beech and birch rank very close in value. Pine 

 is the wood chiefly employed in the manufacture of heading, fol- 

 lowed by elm, red gum, basswood, and beech. These different 

 kinds of wood furnish nearly two-thirds of all the heading manu- 

 factured. Elm is the wood chiefly used for the manufacture of 

 hoops, although a considerable quantity of ash, oak and birch is 

 used. The large variety of woods used for slack cooperage is in 

 striking contrast with the tight cooperage industry, in which one 

 wood white oak furnishes nearly the whole amount. (F. S. 

 B. 77.) 



Pulpwood. The comparatively recent utilization of wood in 

 the paper-making industry has been an important influence in 

 the rapid advancement in the selling price of the farmer's wood 

 supply. It is another reason why the farmer should handle his 

 woodlot according to the best economic forestry methods. For the 

 past twenty years wood, chiefly spruce and poplar, has furnished 

 the greater part of the paper made in this country. In 1909, 4,002,- 

 000 cords of -wood were used, yielding on an average 1,200 pounds of 

 pulp per cord of wood, or a "total of about 2,491,406 tons of pulp, 

 which would make approximately 80 per cent of the paper and 

 board annually produced in this country. The fibers of the soft 

 coniferous woods are longer than those of the hard deciduous woods, 

 the former being from 1 to 4 millimeters in length, while the lat- 

 ter are from 0.5 to 2.5 millimeters long. Spruce is more com- 

 monly used for making ground wood and pulp by the sulphite pro- 



