FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION 425 



cess, while poplar is almost exclusively reduced by the soda process. 

 However, these woods may be treated by either process, depending 

 on the cost of material, the location of the mill, etc. 



Because of the exhaustion of the supplies of spruce and poplar 

 within a reasonable distance of the mills, large quantities of other 

 kinds of wood have been used for many years, not only for making 

 board, bogus manila, and wrapping papers, but also for white 

 papers, such as are used for news, book, and low-grade writing 

 papers. Thus in 1909, 560,000 cords of hemlock, 91,000 of pine, 

 95,000 of balsam, 37,000 of cottonwood, 37,000 of white fir, 249,000 

 of slabs, and 183,000 cords of other kinds of wood were used for 

 making paper, the larger part being chemically treated. Among 

 the pines, white, gray, loblolly, and longleaf yellow pines are being 

 used, while among the miscellaneous woods employed are red and 

 white fir, larch, aspen, gum, cypress, beech, birch, maple, basswood, 

 buckeye, and chestnut ; other woods which are available in large quan- 

 tities are being constantly experimented with at various mills. In- 

 deed, practically all woods may be used for paper making, such use 

 being governed chiefly by the character of the wood supply near the 

 mill. 



The reasons that have made wood the cheapest and preferred 

 papermaking material are clearly evident. They are low cost of 

 raw material ; ease of transportation and handling, particularly by 

 machinery; freedom from dirt; uniform supply, and low digester 

 requirements, as much more wood can be placed in a given digester 

 than any other material. Further than this, mills could be built 

 and operated close to the material. But the spruce and poplar for- 

 ests contiguous to many of these mills are gone and they can no 

 longer obtain their wood at the old price nor at a price that will 

 enable them to compete with mills more recently built, which are 

 still close to a wood supply. Neither can such mills, built to use 

 wood advantageously, use other materials in competition with mills 

 especially built and equipped for using those materials. The de- 

 mand developed in the past few years and constantly growing is not 

 primarily so much for new materials as it is a demand for wood at 

 a price that will enable the poorly situated mills to compete with 

 those more economically located with respect to this supply. This 

 demand can only be met either by a large use of other woods or by 

 planting and growing spruce and poplar. (F. S. Cir. 41.) 



Tanbark and Tanning Extract. The principal kinds of bark 

 used in the tanning industry are hemlock and oak. Tanning ex- 

 tract to some extent is also made from chestnut and palmetto, the 

 latter almost entirely from the roots. An extract which is made 

 from both the bark and the wood of the chestnut tree is coming 

 into use, being second only to the imported quebracha extract. The 

 observing farmer may find a double market for his hemlock and 

 oak timber, one for the wood and one for the bark. (F. S. Bui. 77.) 



Vehicle and Farm, Implement Timber. The uses of wood in 

 the vehicle and implement industries may be considered under three 

 heads: (1) For light vehicles: Buggies, carts, automobiles, spring 



