564 HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, FLORICULTURE 



the removal of the oil is a valuable fertilizer and feeding stuff, the 

 hulls excellent fuel, the ashes of the hulls a fertilizer rich in potash 

 and phosphoric acid, and the refuse from the oil refining valuable 

 stock for the manufacture of soaps. The seeds also contain a coloring 

 matter which has been used to some extent as a dyestuff. Thus a vast 

 mass of material which was once looked upon as necessarily a waste 

 product has become of very great commercial value. 



The following diagram, prepared by Grimshaw on the basis of 

 the actual results at oil mills, shows how a ton of cotton seed is 

 utilized : 



Products from a Ton of Cotton Seed. 



Cotton seed. 2.000 pounds. 



Meats. 1.089 pounds. 



Linters. 20 pounds. 



Hulls. 891 pounds. 



Cake 600 pounds. 



Meal. 



(Feeding stuff. Fertilizer.) 



Fiber. 



Crude oil. 289 pounds. 



Summer yellow 



Soap stock. 



(High-grade paper.) 



Fuel. 



Bran. 



(Cattle food.) 



(Winter yellow 



Cotton seed stearin.) 



Soaps. 



Ashes. 



Salad oil. 



Summer white. 



Fertilizer. 



Lard. 



Cottolene, 



Miners' oil. 



The above diagram was prepared several years ago. Recently the 

 processes of manufacture have been so improved that over 300 pounds 

 (40 to 45 gallons) of oil can be obtained from each ton of seed, and 

 delinting machines have been introduced which remove a much 

 larger amount of linters than is given in this diagram, the proportion 

 of hulls being correspondingly reduced. 



The process through which the seeds are put at the oil mills is 

 thus concisely described : The first process in preparing the dry seed 

 for the mill is to free it from dust. The cleaned seeds are then trans- 

 ferred to the sheller, which consists of a revolving cylinder contain- 

 ing cylindrical knives and back knives. The sheller revolves at great 

 speed, and as the seed is forced between the knives the pericarp or 



