37 



hatch. Usually it is about 3 weeks after the blossoms fall before the 

 earliest eggs, have hatched. On hatching the young larvae seek an 

 easy place to enter the apple. This the calyx furnishes, and 75 per 

 cent or more of these first brood larvae enter the fruit by this part. 



The best spray mixture to use is 2 Ibs. of arsenate of lead to 40 

 gals, of Bordeaux mixture, or dilute commercial lime-sulphur. The 

 Bordeaux or lime-sulphur is added to control the scab fungus, as this 

 is the most important time to spray for this disease. The Bordeaux 

 need not be stronger than the 3.3.40 formula, and the lime-sulphur 

 may be diluted 1 gal. to 40 gals. Paris green or arsenite of lime may 

 be used with Bordeaux mixture instead of arsenate of lead, but with 

 lime-sulphur arsenate of lead is the only arsenical poison that is safe. 



Two methods of control, differing in the kind of spray used, 

 are general; one is known as the Western, the other the Eastern 

 method. 



By the Western method spray your trees with arsenate of lead, 

 using one pound to fifty gallons of water. Begin to spray when 80 

 per cent, of the blossoms have fallen, and have enough outfits on 

 hand to be through in eight days. Use Bordeaux nozzles only, be- 

 cause they throw a coarse penetrating stream, and do not use more 

 nozzles than the capacity of your pump will supply and still keep the 

 pressure up. Set the nozzles at an angle of 45 degrees by means of 

 an elbow coupling. Throw the spray directly into the throat of every 

 flower. 



To reach the bottom of the flowers much pressure is absolutely 

 necessary. Do not spray at less than 80 pounds, and if possible use 

 200 pounds or more. 



By the Eastern method use arsenate of lead of any good brand 

 at a strength of one and a half to two pounds of the arsenate to fifty 

 gallons of water is preferable. The time to apply the first spray is 

 determined by the condition of the calyx of the bloom. This time 

 is following the dropping of the petals but before the closing of the 

 calyx. A period not to exceed from five to seven days for any one 

 variety would cover the time when this first spraying should be done. 

 Use a nozzle that gives a fine mist such as the Friend or Mistry, Jr. 

 Under cultural methods we include not only cultivation, but also 

 keeping the dead scales of bark scraped off the trees, pruning, and 

 burning the rubbish which naturally accumulates in the orchard, 

 keeping fallen apples picked up and either used or destroyed. 

 (Press Bui. 42, Col. Exp. Sta. ; Bui. 65, N. Mex. Exp. Sta. ; Bui. 142, 

 Md. Exp. Sta.; Bui. 187, Ont. Dept. Agr.; Bui. 142, Cornell Exp. 

 Sta.; Pop. Bui. 30, Washington Exp. Sta.) 



The Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm. The parent insect that 

 lays the egg from which the railroad worm hatches is a two-winged 

 fly, about the size of the common house fly. It looks much like the 

 house fly except that its wings have dark zig-zag marks on them. 

 The railroad worm is hatched from an egg laid beneath the skin of 

 the fruit. From July to October is the time of year to fight the 

 apple maggot or railroad worm. The way to do this is to keep the 

 infested apple from rotting beneath the trees. This can be uccom- 



