ENTOMOLOGY 73 



Johnson has observed that larvae of the first brood may attack 

 bunches of grape blossoms and young fruit in a way similar to the 

 grape berry moth. In 3 or 4 weeks the larvae are full grown and trans- 

 form to pupa within the folded leaves, moths emerging some 8 or 

 10 days later. By midsummer and fall the insects may become quite 

 abundant, and in badly infested vineyards the folded leaves are 

 everywhere in evidence and are quite conspicuous from the color of 

 the lower surface. In the fall the larvae pupate in the folded leaves 

 and pass the winter in these on the ground. 



Where the insects are but moderately abundant it will be quite 

 practicable to search out the folded leaves and crush between the 

 hands the larvae or pupae within. The destruction of the first brood 

 in this way would greatly reduce the number of the insects later in 

 the season. 



Vines sprayed with arsenicals for the root-worm and the berry 

 moth will be well protected from the leaf-folder, for in this way the 

 majority of the leaves will be sufficiently poisoned to insure the de- 

 struction of the larvae and prevent the folding of the leaves. After ;i 

 leaf has been folded the larva is practically safe from poisoning. As 

 the winter is spent in the pupal stage in the leaves on the ground 

 many of the insects may be destroyed by collecting and burning the 

 fallen leaves, as recommended in the case of the grape berry moth 

 and the leaf-hopper. 



Grapevine Flea-Beetle. Early in spring, as the buds of the 

 grape begin to swell and burst, these may be scooped put or entirely 

 consumed by a small blue or greenish beetle, measuring about one- 

 fifth of an inch in length, of robust shape, with thick thighs, and 

 jumping readily from the vines upon being disturbed. When the 

 beetles are abundant all of the buds on the vines may be quite de- 

 stroyed, greatly retarding leafing out or even causing the death of 

 the plant. Later the young foliage is eaten by the beetles, the fe- 

 males depositing their eggs more or less on the leaves, but largely, 

 according to Slingerland, in cracks in the bark at the base of buols, 

 between bud scales, or even in the holes which have been eaten into 

 the buds. The resulting larvae feed on the leaves of the grape, mostly 

 on the upper surface, and are thus readily destroyed with sprays. In 

 3 or 4 weeks the grubs have attained full growth ; then, dropping to 

 the ground, they make an earthen cell an inch or so below the sur- 

 face, and transform to pupae, from which the adult beetles will 

 emerge in the course of 1 or 2 weeks. The new brood of beetles feed 

 upon the grape and other plants, going into hibernation in the fall 

 and appearing the next spring to attack the buds of the grape, as 

 stated. In the Northern States Slingerland's studies have shown but 

 one generation of the insect each year. In the South two or more 

 generations annually are supposed to occur, but definite evidence on 

 this point is wanting. 



The flea-beetle is native to North America, and occurs very gen- 

 erally throughout the eastern half of the United States, its western 

 limits being Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Its 

 natural food is undoubtedly the wild grape, though numerous other 



