ENTOMOLOGY 315 



sects as those mentioned under injury to the wood of dying and dead 

 trees. The damage is especially severe when material is handled in 

 such a manner as to offer favorable conditions for attack, as when 

 the logs are left in the woods on skidways or in mill yards for a 

 month or more after they have been cut from the living trees. Un- 

 der such conditions there is often a reduction in value of from 5 to 

 30 per cent or more, due to wormhole and pinhole defects caused by 

 roundheaded and flatheaded wood-borers and Umber beetles. Fre- 

 quently the insects continue the work in the unseasoned and even 

 dry lumber cut from logs which had been previously infested. They 

 also continue to work in mine props after they have been placed in 

 the mine, and in logs and other material used for the construction 

 of cabins, rustic houses, and in round timbers generally. 



The products from saplings, such as hickory hoop-poles and like 

 material, are often seriously injured or rendered worthless by round- 

 headed and flatheaded borers and wood-boring beetles, sometimes 

 resulting in a loss of from 50 to 100 per cent of the merchantable 

 product. Stave and shingle bolts left in moist, shady places in the 

 woods or in close piles during the summer months are often attacked 

 by ambrosia beetles and timber beetles. The value of the product is 

 often reduced, as a consequence, from 10 to 50 per cent or more. 



Handle and wagon stock in the rough is especially liable to in- 

 jury by ambrosia beetles and roundheaded borers. Hickory and ash 

 bolts from which the bark is not removed are almost certain to be 

 greatly damaged if the logs and bolts cut from living trees during 

 the winter and spring are held over for a few weeks after the middle 

 of March or first of April. 



Pulpwood and cordwood for fuel and other purposes, cut during 

 the winter and spring and left in the woods for a few weeks or 

 months or in close piles after the beginning of the warm weather, 

 are sometimes riddled with wormholes or converted into sawdust 

 borings, causing a loss of from 10 to 100 per cent. One example re- 

 ported from near Munising, Mich., represents a loss of $5,000 from 

 injury to spruce and fir pulpwood cut in the winter and kept in piles 

 over summer. 



MANUFACTURED UNSEASONED PRODUCTS. 



Ambrosia Beetles and Other Wood Borers. Freshly sawed hard 

 wood placed in close piles during warm, damp weather during the 

 period from June to September is often seriously injured by am- 

 brosia beetles. Heavy 2-inch to 3-inch stuff is also liable to attack 

 by the same insects, even in loose piles. An example of this was 

 found in some thousands of feet of mahogany lumber of the highest 

 grade, which had been sawed from imported round logs and piled 

 with lumber sticks between the tiers of plank. Native species of am- 

 brosia beetles had entered the wood to such an extent as to have re- 

 duced the value 50 per cent or more within a few weeks. Oak, pop- 

 lar, gum, and similar woods often suffer severely from this class of 

 injury, causing losses varying from 5 to 50 per cent. 



Lumber and square timbers of both soft and hard woods with 

 the bark left on the edges are frequently damaged by flatheaded and 



