380 INSECTS AFFECTING VEGETATION 



which remains in evidence until midsummer or later and kills or 

 prevents the settling of young scale insects which may come from 

 parents escaping the winter action. 



The wear on pumps and nozzles can be kept to a minimum by 

 carefully washing the apparatus promptly after use. The use of 

 an air or other gas pressure pump instead of the ordinary liquid 

 pump will save the wear of the lime on the pump. In spraying 

 with this wash clothing is ruined, and only the oldest garments 

 should be worn. Care should be taken also to protect the eyes to 

 avoid unnecessary inflammation. 



Home Made Concentrated Lime Sulphur. The various concen- 

 trated lime-sulphur solutions have been tested at other experiment 

 stations and also tried out by orchardists, in some cases on an ex- 

 tended scale, and so far as observed have compared favorably with the 

 regular home made lime-sulphur wash in efficiency. Their use be- 

 came quite extensive during the past year, indicating that orchardists 

 prefer buying the wash rather than make the solution. With this 

 class of growers, the question of what brand to use is paramount. 

 From these tests, it would seem that practically all the well known 

 concentrated solutions can be expected to give good results if their 

 standard is maintained. Every grower should procure a hydrometer 

 and determine the density of the prepared wash and from that the 

 dilution to be used. 



It has been determined that the strength of a standard made 

 mixture, that is, the degree of concentration, which is usually seven 

 or more times as strong as the home made mixture, can largely be 

 determined by its density or specific gravity provided there are no 

 adulterations. Thus the hydrometer may be used to ascertain this 

 density and dilution may then be made. Therefore, it is recom- 

 mended that only well known or previously tested manufactured 

 solutions be used Any concentrated lime-sulphur preparation 

 should test between 26 1 / and 32 degrees Beaume, and thus be di- 

 luted one to seven or nine respectively. The manufactured product 

 should be a clear amber, reddish, or deep cherry colored liquid with 

 very little sediment. 



The Home Made Concentrated Lime-Sulphur. The apparent 

 efficiency, convenience in handling and readiness to start spraying 

 at once when weather conditions are favorable have caused the rather 

 extensive use of the different brands of concentrated solution in this 

 state. The demand for this solution has caused several new brands 

 to appear on the market, several of which are prepared by private 

 parties, that is, persons who had special outfits for making the regu- 

 lar home made solution prepared the concentrated solution and of- 

 fered it for sale in their respective vicinities. 



It is thus possible for large orchardists who have previously 

 made the home made solution at time of spraying to now make the 

 concentrated at a time when spraying is impracticable, store it and 

 have the solution ready for use when needed. The labor problem at 

 spraying time is thus aided and advantage can be taken of half days 

 or other times when conditions are favorable. Undoubtedly making 



