ENTOMOLOGY 381 



the home concentrated is only practicable for those orchardists who 

 require a large amount of solution. In such cases it is more eco- 

 nomical, if the boiling outfit is intact, to make the concentrated than 

 to buy from manufacturers. 



The standard brands of concentrated are sold retail at about 20c 

 a gallon in barrel lots. The lime usually costs about 50c per bushel 

 and the sulphur 2%c per pound. The grower can estimate what 

 boiling and storing the solution will cost and compare the total with 

 the present market price of commercial brands. For those who may 

 desire to make their own concentrated mixture a formula is given 

 below, which has been tested by this department in actual field 

 operations and found to be effective. 



Formula: 



Lump lime 60 Ibs. 



Sulfur (flour or flowers) 125 Ibs. 



Water 50 gal. 



Directions. Slake lime to a consistency of thin paste, and add 

 the sulfur. Stir the materials thoroughly to break up lumps. Boil 

 vigorously for one hour. At start, enough water should be allowed 

 to provide for evaporation in boiling. This will require from 10-15 

 gallons. The finished product may either be strained into barrels 

 or other containers or it may be used at once after proper dilution. 

 Home made concentrated should test 26 degrees to 32 degrees 

 Beaume and should be diluted according to the table given on 

 page 382. 



In storing the solution, it is necessary to exclude air from it as 

 much as possible by either filling up the barrel or other container 

 completely with the solution, or by putting a film of oil on the sur- 

 face of the liquid. The stored solution should be protected from 

 extreme cold weather. According to Stewart, of the Pennsylvania 

 Station, a solution of 1.28 density (32.1 Beaume) will not freeze 

 at 5 F., and will usually recover completely should it be frozen at a 

 lower temperature. If some crystals should form they may be 

 strained out and redissolved by boiling and returned to the wash. 



When ready for spraying the concentrated solution should be 

 tested with the hydrometer, if this is not done after making, in order 

 to determine the dilution that is desired. The table given above 

 gives the dilutions for the respective densities on a basis of the regu- 

 IpT home made solution. 



The cooker used in making the regular lime-sulphur wash will 

 serve to make the concentrated solution. This may be a home made 

 vat, or a convenient iron boiler can be purchased for the work. Such 

 boilers are often of use for other purposes on the farm. 



The concentrated solution can be more easily made, of course, 

 by boiling the mixture with steam coils in either wood or metal 

 vessels, and, undoubtedly, those who have such outfits arc more 

 likely to undertake making this solution. 



The Hydrometer. In order to dilute the concentrated solutions 

 in accordance with their degree of concentration and t<> l>r accu- 

 rate they should be tested with a hydrometer. AYliile (hi.- le.-t \\ill 



