FARM MANAGEMENT 107 



lain is used ^because no other material can be kept so clean and sani- 

 tary. But even this is an imperfect protection from dirt and disease 

 unless the bowl is flushed so as to clean it completely and absolutely. 

 The water should be poured from the rim of the bowl, so that every 

 part of it is perfectly cleaned. The wash-down and wash-out closets 

 are similar in make, but are not so thorough in their action. In the 

 wash-out closet the basin acts as a receiver, a small quantity of water 

 being retained in it, and into this the deposit is made, to be washed 

 out afterwards into the trap by the flush. The water in the basin is 

 prevented from leaking into the trap by a raised ridge which is apt 

 to break the force of the flush so that its whole force is not directed 

 into the trap, which is objectionable. The wash-down closet receives 

 the deposit directly into the water held in the bowl by the trap. It 

 has a straight back and a much smaller fouling surface. There is no 

 open vent. The outlet is entirely covered with water, so that the water 

 does not throw the soil against the side. The only advantage the 

 siphon closet has over it is the greater force of discharge given by the 

 siphon. 



Bed Rooms. In planning the house the bed rooms should be so 

 arranged as to be convenient to each other, and to have abundance of 

 light and ventilation. They should be large enough to hold the fur- 

 niture without crowding, and so arranged that the bed will have a 

 place without crossing a window. Bed rooms should always be large 

 enough to permit of being easily swept. As in all other rooms, ventil- 

 ation is a prime factor in sleeping apartments. Closets are another 

 necessity ; they should be as large as possible. 



The Living Room. The living room should be made as light 

 and cheerful as may be possible. It should be convenient in its ar- 

 rangements and attractive in appearance, and in furnishings. A 

 fireplace is a most attractive feature for the living room. 



A fireplace will not furnish sufficient heat for a room in winter 

 weather, but for spring and autumn a grate fire is all that is required. 

 It is generally conceded that there is no better means of ventilating a 

 living room than by a grate fire and no way of making a room more 

 cheerful. 



In recent years brick fireplaces, simply and honestly built, have 

 grown in popularity. Brick can be obtained in beautiful shades vary- 

 ing from delicate cream to deep bronze. The ordinary paving brick 

 in connection with stained woodwork gives excellent results. For 

 large living rooms, charming fireplaces may be made of field stone or 

 bowlders with heavy wood shelf and wood or stone brackets. In con- 

 nection with interiors of a more dainty or elegant character, molded 

 woodwork and tile facing may be used, or a mantel formed on colo- 

 nial lines with marble, brick, or tile facing, and woodwork painted 

 white. 



The fireplaces should be 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches wide and 2 feet 

 6 inches to 3 feet high and 20 to 30 inches deep. Cement makes ad- 

 mirable hearths and will withstand heat quite as well as tile or fire- 

 brick. A suitable color could be mixed with the cement and the sand 



