CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATA 32 



Podicipes. Cosmopolitan, excluding Arctic and Antarctic. 

 Centropelma. Titicaca lake ; flightless. 



3. Order Sphenisciformes. Mdicolous, marine; flight- 

 less, wings transformed into rowing paddles. 



SPHENISCI. Coasts of antarctic and southern temperate 

 countries, and Galapagos. 



Palaeeudyptes. Oligocene, New Zealand. 

 Palaeospheniscus. Eocene, Patagonia. 

 Spheniscus, Eudyptes, and Aptenodytes. 



4. Order Procellariiformes. Well -flying, pelagic, nidi- 

 colous ; hallux absent or vestigial. Ehamphotheca compound. 

 Cosmopolitan. 



Sub-order PROCELLARIAE s. TUBINARES. Diomedea, 

 Oceanites. 



Procellaria, Puffinus, Prion, etc. Oceanites. 



5. Order Ciconiiformes. Swimmers or waders; desmo- 

 gnathous, without basipterygoid processes. With one pair of 

 sternotracheal muscles. 



1. Sub -order STEGANOPODES, Illiger. Well -flying, 

 aquatic, nidicolous, with all the four toes webbed together. 

 Cosmopolitan. 



Pkaetonticlae. Phaeton. 



Sulidae. Sula, since Miocene. 



Phalacrocoracidae. Phalacrocorax, since Miocene; Plotus. 



Fregatidae. Fregata, Tachypetes. 



Pelecanidae. Since Miocene. 



Pelagornis, Miocene, France; Argillornis, Eocene, England. 



Odontopteryx toliapicus. Eocene, England. 



2. Sub-order ARDEAE, Wagler. Piscivorous, nidicolous 

 waders, with complicated hypotarsus, and with long cervical 

 apteria. Cosmopolitan. 



Ardeidae. Ardea, since Miocene ; Cancroma, Balaeniceps. 

 Scopidae. Scopus Afra. 



Proherodius. Eocene,- England. 



3. Sub-order CICONIAE. Carnivorous, nidicolous waders, 

 with simple hypotarsus, and with cervical apteria. Cosmopolitan. 



Ciconiidae. Ciconia, Abdimia, Leptoptilus, etc. 

 Ibidae. Ibis, Platalea. 

 Propelargus. Oligocene. 



