CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATA 50 



Since the upper Miocene in Europe. Now cosmopolitan 

 except neotropical and Australian regions. 



Tetraceros, Gazella, Rupicapra, Capra, Ovis, Ovibos, Bos. 



6. Order Carnivora, Cuvier. Diphyodont, heterodont; 

 mostly with three, rarely two pairs of upper and lower incisors ; 

 canines strong. Mandibular condyle transverse. Toes five, 

 rarely four. Fibula complete and separate. Clavicles vestigial 

 or absent. 



Mammae abdominal. Uterus bicornis. Placenta zonaris, 

 deciduous. 



1. Sub-order CREODONTA, Cope. Scaphoid and lunar 

 of the carpus separate. 



Chiefly Eocene, from the lowest Eocene to the lower 

 Miocene, of North America and Europe. 

 Oxyclaenus. New Mexico. 

 Arctocyon, etc. Europe and North America. 

 Triisodon. New Mexico. 

 Mesonyx. North America. 

 Proviverra, etc. North America and Europe. 

 Palaeonictis, etc. North America and Europe. 

 Hyaenodon, etc. North America and Europe. 

 Miacis, etc. North America. 



2. Sub-order FISSIPEDIA, Flower. Scaphoid fused with 

 the lunar bone. Toes separate. 



Ursidae. Ursus since the lower Pliocene of India, now 

 periarctic, Indian, Malayan, Andean. 



Arctotherium. Plistocene of South America and 



California. 

 Hyaenarctos. Miocene of Europe and India. 



Procyonidae. Procyon, Cercolaptes, America. Aelurus, 

 Himalayas. 



Mustelidae. Cosmopolitan : Lutra, Enhydra ; Meles, 

 Mephitis, Mellivora ; Mustela, Gulo. 



Canidae. Otocyon and Lycaon, Ethiopian. Canis, since 

 the upper Miocene in Europe, now cosmopolitan, excluding 

 Madagascar and Antilles. 



Hyaenidae. Hyaena. Pliocene in Europe, now palaeo- 

 tropical. Proteles, South Africa. ? Ictitherium, lower 

 Pliocene, SE. Europe and India. 



